<p>Based on Sentinel-2 data in 2022, the author extracted the spatial distribution range of surface reservoirs with an area of more than 0.001 km2 in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and collected attribute information of the reservoir based on county chronicles, yearbooks and other data, mainly including the name, latitude and longitude, average elevation, completion time, total storage capacity and maximum area, river basin, etc., and divided the reservoir into large, medium and small reservoirs according to water conservancy engineering standards and storage capacity. The results show that as of 2022, a total of 804 reservoirs have been built in Xinjiang, with a total storage capacity of 24.16 km3. Among them, there are 37, 175, and 592 large, medium and small reservoirs respectively, and 461 and 343 are plain and mountainous reservoirs respectively. After 1980, the proportion of large mountainous reservoirs increased significantly. This dataset includes: (1) spatial data of reservoir distribution in Xinjiang from 1942 to 2022;(2) reservoir attribute data, including attribute records such as the reservoir's name, area, storage capacity, completion time, elevation, location and basin. The dataset is stored in.shp and.xlsx formats and consists of 9 data files with a data volume of 21.4 MB (compressed into 1 file, 5.86 MB). </p>