The most recent comprehensive book on the natural conditions of the Karakum Desert, the largest desert in the Soviet Union, was published about 15 years ago. Since then, a lot of research has been conducted in the area. Therefore, the authors involved in these studies believe that it is necessary to reflect in a timely manner the latest information that can more comprehensively illustrate the natural conditions of this area of economic importance, and hope that their collective work will promote further development of the area. In describing the natural zoning of the area studied, the authors went beyond the boundaries of the Karakum Desert itself and also addressed the natural conditions of its adjacent areas. On the one hand, this is due to the commonality of natural geographical conditions and the close connection between the Karakum Desert economy and other adjacent areas of Turkmenistan. On the other hand, there is no unified and recognized opinion on the boundary of this desert, and its boundaries are not clear everywhere. This book is the result of collective labor and was jointly written by staff from multiple institutions of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union: A. P. Garzov, V. N. Kunin, E. M. Muravyov, A. N. Formozov, Z. G. Frekin; L. of the Institute of Botany. E. Luo Jin; N. N. Peli and M. of the Academy of Sciences of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic P. Petrov. The author would like to present to A. G. Voronov, A. S. Kesey and A. A. Yamnov expressed his sincere gratitude for their valuable opinions when reviewing the manuscript.