The fulfillment of the nationwide task set forth by the Twenty-First Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, namely the further development of grain production and the strengthening of the fodder base for livestock husbandry, requires a thorough understanding of the natural conditions of each region. Only by taking these specific characteristics into account can appropriate measures and agricultural techniques be applied effectively to ensure consistently high and stable yields of all crops in every area. The degree to which the soil cover of Amur Oblast has been studied is uneven. The southeastern regions have been investigated in considerable detail; however, questions concerning the genesis of the soils in these areas and the suitability of certain agricultural practices remain the subject of ongoing debate in the scientific literature. Despite the accumulation of a large body of soil research data, no unified production-genetic classification of the soils of Amur Oblast has yet been published, although such a classification could serve as the foundation for detailed soil investigations. Furthermore, no scientifically grounded natural soil regionalization of the Amur River basin has yet been developed that would enable the application of differentiated agricultural techniques to various regions and soil types. The works of A. I. Kachyani, published in 1946 and 1954, failed to provide a correct and well-substantiated regionalization of Amur Oblast; moreover, they contained serious errors in the description of soil characteristics. In view of these circumstances, the author of this book describes the soil cover of Amur Oblast according to the natural agricultural-soil regions established by him and combines this description with a brief account of the vegetation and other soil-forming factors. A production-genetic classification of the soils and their ameliorative characteristics is presented, together with observations and recommendations concerning agricultural practices. The book is based on the author’s many years of personal observations, materials collected by survey expeditions, and data obtained through detailed soil-geobotanical studies, in which the author participated and frequently served as leader. Additional published sources were also consulted. The author expresses his sincere gratitude to Professor V. N. Vasilyev (Doctor of Biological Sciences) and Professor P. V. Vershinin (Doctor of Agricultural Sciences) for reviewing the manuscript and for their valuable guidance, comments, and recommendations.