<p>This monograph can be divided into three parts. The first part focuses on the type specimens from the Herbarium of the Institute of Botany of Kazakhstan, adding 342 taxonomic units to the system, comprehensively covering the description of morphological characteristics and synonymy revisions of new species such as Linaria bektauatensis, standardizing author abbreviations and literature citation formats, and building a basic data framework for regional plant classification. The second part takes the Alatao area as the core of the research, records 230 species of plants in detail, and analyzes in depth the distribution laws and ecological adaptability of Junctus, Allium and other groups. At the same time, geographical evolution research is carried out on Spruce schrenkiana, combined with the geological and historical background. The academic view that it originated in the East Asian ancient land further analyzes the co-evolution mechanism of population diffusion and mountainous environment after the glacier period. The third part focuses on biodiversity discovery and cross-group research. On the one hand, new species of plants such as Calligonum Bykovii and a new genus of Schwarzmannia fungi (containing 2 new species of fungi that parasitic legumes) were discovered; on the other hand, the geographical distribution survey of 98 species of fungi in the order Rucciales was carried out, and the habitat record of lichen resources (20 species, such as 15 species of Peltigera) was simultaneously completed, showing the biodiversity characteristics of northern Kazakhstan and mountainous ecosystems in multiple dimensions. </p>