哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国是我国领土面积第二大的加盟共和国，自然条件多样。在其北部，不久前还主要是遍布禾本科杂草草原，其间点缀着白桦林和山杨林岛屿的地方，如今已变成一望无际的麦田，建立了拥有设施完善的现代化村镇和庄园的垦荒国营农场。\n共和国中部有大片半荒漠地带。但即使在这里，在矿产资源丰富的地区，也崛起了拥有工厂的城市，出现了工业综合体。\n哈萨克斯坦东部和南部群山环绕，那里呈现出从山前草原到阔叶林和针叶林、高山草甸乃至雪峰的完整景观序列。\n我们共和国以其自然资源而闻名。其动物界也同样丰富多样。在哈萨克斯坦广袤的领土上，栖息着11种两栖动物（占苏联两栖动物区系的33%）、50多种爬行动物（占40%）、153种哺乳动物（占50%）以及超过450种鸟类。总的来说，这约占苏联全部陆生脊椎动物种类的一半。其中主要或完全在哈萨克斯坦境内分布的有：七河蝾螈（或称蛙嘴螈）；不久前才在别特帕克达拉沙漠被描述的神奇小兽——睡鼠（或称肥睡鼠）；日特科夫跳鼠、三趾跳鼠、侏儒跳鼠、遗鸥、黑百灵等一些其他物种。众所周知，脊椎动物是古代人类物质福利的主要来源之一。它们为人类提供食物、衣物和劳动工具。即使在今天，其中许多仍然是重要的产业狩猎和业余狩猎对象。毛皮兽在我们这个合成纤维和人造毛皮的时代也并未失去其价值。无需证明，动物，特别是大量脊椎动物物种，以及从原生动物到昆虫的无脊椎动物，在环境生活中并因此在我们的经济中扮演着巨大角色。它们显著影响着自然过程的进程。例如，爬行动物、鸟类和兽类消灭了大量的昆虫和啮齿动物，其中包括农作物害虫和疾病传播者，从而为人类提供了不可估量的服务。有些是危险传染病病原体在自然界循环中的中间环节，另一些则消灭这些携带者并使地区环境变得健康，还有一些，如赛加羚羊、马鹿、毒蛇，提供了珍贵的医药原料。某些野生哺乳动物种类，例如野猪，是现代家养动物的原始型，并正被用于培育新品种的选种工作中。大量取食野生树木和灌木的果实，许多动物有助于它们的传播。最后，也不能忘记脊椎动物的美学意义。很难想象森林、草原和沙漠中没有野兽、鸟类、蜥蜴、蝴蝶、蜻蜓、大型甲虫和其他构成我们周围自然环境不可分割部分的动物。然而，在科技革命和人类经济活动的影响下，我们星球的动物界正日益贫乏。人类当前正面临着保护自然免受自身破坏的问题。这就是为什么环境保护、合理且有计划地利用自然资源已成为最重要的国家任务之一，其正确解决关系到我们及子孙后代的福祉。\"人与环境\"问题在今天被置于与和平利用原子能或征服太空等当代重大问题同等重要的地位，这并非偶然。地球上的动物种群作为自然界有机组成部分，过去、现在和将来对所有人类都具有巨大意义。\n苏维埃国家不懈地关怀自然资源的保护和增加。众所周知，根据弗拉基米尔·伊里奇·列宁的倡议或由他签署的关于合理利用自然的法令和决议共有94项。例如，在列宁著名的《关于狩猎期限和狩猎武器权》（1919年）和《关于狩猎》（1920年）法令中，体现了领袖对保护动物区系，特别是对当时濒临灭绝的赛加羚羊的深切关怀。在我们这个时代，由于保护措施，这种有益动物在哈萨克斯坦境内的数量已达到可进行产业利用的规模。\n在弗拉基米尔·伊里奇·列宁生前，发布了200多项致力于自然保护的指导性文件。根据列宁的倡议，尽管国家满目疮痍、饥荒蔓延，但仍开始建立自然保护区体系：1919年的阿斯特拉罕保护区，1920年的伊尔门保护区。1921年设立了阿斯坎尼亚-诺瓦保护区，1923年设立了克里米亚保护区。20世纪20年代，哈萨克斯坦也建立了首批自然保护区。\n共产党和苏联政府在活动中遵循列宁关于珍惜自然财富的原则。这些原则反映在一系列最重要的党的文件、苏共二十四、二十五次代表大会决议、列昂尼德·伊里奇·勃列日涅夫同志及其他党和国家领导人的著作中。\n在苏共第二十五次代表大会（1976年）上，苏共中央总书记列昂尼德·伊里奇·勃列日涅夫同志说：\"……可以利用自然，方式各有不同。可以——人类历史对此不乏例证——留下贫瘠、无生命、敌视人类的荒芜之地。但是，同志们，也可以而且必须美化自然，帮助自然更充分地展现其生命力。\" 列·伊·勃列日涅夫提请注意，\"苏联科学家不应忽视近来变得尖锐的环境问题……\"。\n提高环境利用综合性的问题在哈萨克共产党第十四次代表大会（1976年）上进行了审议，并始终处于共和国各级党组织的监督之下。\"是时候明白了，\" 苏共中央政治局委员、哈萨克共产党中央第一书记丁穆罕默德·艾哈迈托维奇·库纳耶夫同志在大会上说，\"在与环境的关系中，我们必须始终具有远见卓识，关心自然财富的保护和补充、水源和大气圈的清洁。\" 苏维埃国家在保护自然环境、植物和动物世界方面的活动体现在一系列立法法案中。例如，苏联最高苏维埃1972年9月会议在《关于进一步改善自然保护和合理利用自然资源的措施》决议中写道：\"认为最重要的国家任务之一是……严格遵守关于保护土地及其矿藏、森林和水域、动植物界的法律……\" 苏联最高苏维埃特别强调：\"珍贵和稀有的动物种类受到国家保护……\" 苏联新宪法规定了调节苏联人民与自然关系的基本法律条款。第18条指出：\"为了当代和子孙后代的利益，苏联采取必要措施保护并有科学依据地、合理地利用……动植物界，以……改善人类环境。\" 而在《苏联动物界保护与利用法》草案（1979年12月）中再次强调：\"动物界对于科学、教育和美学目的具有重大意义。\" 关于环境保护的法律已由我国所有共和国的最高苏维埃通过。\n为贯彻苏共和苏联政府关于加强自然保护、珍惜利用其宝藏的重要文件精神，哈萨克共产党中央委员会和哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国部长会议于1973年5月通过了一项决议，其中包含这样的条款：\"哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国部长会议下属自然保护区与狩猎业管理总局负责确保共和国境内动物区系的保护与丰富、国家自然保护区内典型自然综合体的保护与恢复，并对正确经营狩猎业实施领导和监督。\"\n为落实这些决议，哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国科学院动物学研究所和哈萨克自然保护协会早在1973年就召开了题为\"哈萨克斯坦濒危和稀有鸟兽及其保护与繁殖措施\"的全共和国科学生产会议，动物学家、狩猎业专家、自然保护区工作人员、采购组织员工、高校教师等参加了会议。讨论提交的材料后发现，共和国内至少有87种脊椎动物濒临灭绝：5种鱼类和两栖动物，8种爬行动物，43种鸟类和31种哺乳动物，其中许多已被列入国际和全苏红皮书。\n1978年1月，哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国部长会议设立了《哈萨克斯坦稀有及濒危动植物红皮书》——即《哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国红皮书》，并批准了相关条例。同年，主要由哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国科学院动物学研究所员工编写和准备的《哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国红皮书》出版。红皮书的问世极大地促进了我们共和国稀有及濒危动物保护工作的改善。这本书是一个信号，警告许多动物物种若不采取严格的保护和繁育措施，将面临灭绝威胁。同时，我们也不应忘记那些目前尚未受到灭绝威胁的动物，须知地球动物区系的大多数代表对人类是有益的。经验表明，自然保护区和禁猎区在保护和繁殖这类动物方面发挥着巨大作用。遗憾的是，包括我们共和国在内，禁猎区的潜力仍未得到充分利用。考虑到哈萨克斯坦领土辽阔，我们建立的六个自然保护区面积微不足道，且未能覆盖共和国的所有自然带。此外，其中的自然保护区制度并非总是得到严格遵守。\n动物学专家为保护和合理利用共和国动物资源提出了许多有益建议。他们积极参与确定产业狩猎动物的数量，制定经营狩猎业的生物学基础和保护有益动物的措施，召开会议讨论动物资源利用的各种问题，并通过广播电视发表见解。\n在培养爱护自然的态度方面，出版物具有重要意义。报纸上关于野生动物的短文吸引了最广泛的读者群体。关于动物生活的书籍在商店货架上供不应求。无论是成年人还是学生都在阅读。如果一本书是由知识渊博的人撰写，其中巧妙地讲述了野生动物的生活和习性，展示了它们在自然界中的作用，并强调了这些动物对人类的意义，那么这样的书籍在保护自然的共同事业中取得成功就有了保障。\n本书是哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国科学院动物学研究所一组员工为普及我们周围自然知识的崇高事业做出的创造性贡献。这是科普随笔，更准确地说，是关于动物的故事，特别是它们生活的秘密和行为。这些文章由资深专家基于多年的研究和观察写成，观察对象是爬行动物、鸟类、兽类在其习惯栖息地环境中的生活方式。叙述的真实性、筛选和描述事实的科学严谨性与引人入胜的表达方式有机地结合在一起。\n好奇的读者在读到关于乌龟鲜为人知的生活侧面时，将会了解到许多新知识。这种动物看似毫不起眼，不值得关注。本故事作者花费了大量精力、坚持和耐心，追踪观察草原龟从冬眠后春季出土到活跃期结束的行为。读者们，恐怕你们中很少有人此前知道小龟在其充满不安的生命最初几天的行为。关于乌龟或毒蛇的许多知识，你们可能从未想到过。读完这本书中关于它们的内容，你们必定会想到，如果不对它们给予像我们今天对待瞪羚、野驴或雪豹那样的责任感和关怀，乌龟、蛇和蜥蜴也可能有朝一日消失。\n关于鸟类迁徙之谜，书中一篇随笔进行了丰富而有趣的讲述，吸引了每一个哪怕只思考过一次促使鸟类每年进行数千公里迁徙并飞往遥远他乡原因的人的注意。作者讲述了研究这一现象的方法以及大规模环志鸟类的结果，他每年春季和秋季的大部分时间都在动物学研究所的乔克帕克鸟类学观测站度过。\n在哈萨克斯坦中部的田吉兹湖，栖息着我国几乎独一无二的最有趣的红翅鸟类——火烈鸟的巢群，该物种已被列入国际红皮书。哈萨克斯坦的鸟类学家们花费了大量时间和精力，在人迹罕至的地方，采取一切谨慎措施，研究这些鸟类的生物学，对它们孵卵、觅食、换羽及雏鸟出现期间的行为进行细致的观察。\n每位鸟类爱好者都会饶有兴趣地阅读关于严酷高山区居民——小型鸣禽巢居生活的随笔。这些小鸟外表不起眼，但它们在云杉林和刺柏林的生活中扮演着重要角色。谁知道，如果这些微小而不倦的劳动者中的某些种类消失了，云杉林生物群落中将会发生什么。鸟类学家们正在开展大量工作，以更好地了解它们的生活方式和在具体条件下的生存特点。\n亲爱的读者们，你们许多人听说过独特的偶蹄目动物——赛加羚羊，并且知道它们肉质的鲜美。但关于这些动物进行数千公里迁徙的事，却鲜有人知。随笔《永恒的流浪者》有趣地讲述了赛加羚羊生活的这一面及其他方面，作者花费了许多小时在飞机上，从鸟瞰视角观察赛加羚羊群在不同季节的分布，并在春季和秋季射猎前统计这些动物的数量。\n动物只向耐心且善意的观察者展露其私密行为，观察者花费大量时间与其观察对象相处，而后者则报之以信任，不隐藏自己的秘密。关于与旱獭的这种关系，我国几种旱獭隐秘生活的所有细节似乎都了然于胸的旱獭专家瓦西里·卡皮托诺夫在他的故事中有所描述。因此，他的故事读起来仿佛完全是新奇未知的事物。读者也会有兴趣了解一种神奇的地下啮齿动物——鼹形鼠的生活，它前爪武装着巨大的爪子，几乎没有眼睛，栖息在塔拉斯和阿尔泰的草甸上。很少有人在自然界中见过这种小兽，而要想了解它不为人知的隐秘生活，只能依靠耐心和知识的积累。关于狗熊流传着许多童话和寓言。但这头野兽在具体条件下的日常生活，只有那些将部分生命奉献给研究这些大型捕食者的哺乳动物学家才知晓。栖息在南哈萨克斯坦和中亚山地的天山棕熊已被列入哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国红皮书。这种相当平和的熊正日益被人类驱赶到最偏远和难以到达的地方。这种野兽的数量正在减少，我们需要付出很多努力才能将其保存下来，留给自然和子孙后代。关于雪豹的故事无疑会在读者心中点燃拯救我们动物区系最受欢迎的物种之一的希望。在所有这些及其他有趣且富有教益的故事中，都敏锐地捕捉到了\"我们的小兄弟\"在自然条件和圈养环境下的行为特征。科学家们朴实的叙述，有时以严谨的学术语言表达，其价值在于丰富的科学事实和观察的可靠性。这正是本书的独特价值所在。请阅读它。如果您产生疑问或希望分享您对野生动物生活的观察，请写信至哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国科学院进化研究所，您将会得到答复。您提供的信息不会被忽视。它们将被记录在专门的卡片上，并尽可能用于科学研究工作。
", "ds_source": "作者（编委会）：Е. В. 格沃兹杰夫（Е. В. Гвоздев）В. И. 卡皮托诺夫（В. И. Капитонов）Э. А. 贝奇科娃（Э. А. Бычкова）\n出版社：Издательство «Казахстан»\n出版地：阿拉木图\n出版年：1979年\n页数：215页\n语种：俄文\n馆藏条形码：XJLAS RU 70001699
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", "ds_acq_start_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "苏联", "ds_acq_lon_east": null, "ds_acq_lat_south": null, "ds_acq_lon_west": null, "ds_acq_lat_north": null, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "apply-access", "ds_total_size": 133264048, "ds_files_count": 1, "ds_format": "PDF格式", "ds_space_res": "无", "ds_time_res": "无", "ds_coordinate": "无", "ds_projection": "", "ds_thumbnail": "bfc473a6-98a3-4a5a-acca-256948dc5e44.png", "ds_thumb_from": 0, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "a5877b42-96ea-4f13-af7e-246f355413d6", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "180.57" ], "quality_level": 1, "publish_time": "2026-09-10 19:19:04", "first_publish_time": null, "last_updated": "2026-09-23 19:25:41", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "33110.11.ariddc.02211", "license": null, "extra": null, "files_shape": [ { "name": "202507110002（XJLASRU70001699）双层.pdf", "size": 133264048, "is_dir": false } ], "features": null, "data_level": 0, "i18n": { "en": { "title": "Biological treasures of Kazakhstan", "ds_abstract": "The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic is the second-largest Union Republic in our country in terms of territory and is characterized by highly diverse natural conditions. In its northern regions, areas that until recently consisted mainly of grass steppes interspersed with islands of birch and aspen groves have now been transformed into vast expanses of wheat fields. Virgin-land state farms with modern settlements, well-equipped villages, and developed infrastructure have been established there.\r\n\r\nThe central part of the republic contains extensive semi-desert regions. Yet even here, in areas rich in mineral resources, industrial cities have arisen and large production complexes have been established.\r\n\r\nThe eastern and southern parts of Kazakhstan are surrounded by mountain ranges, where one can observe a complete sequence of landscapes extending from foothill steppes to deciduous and coniferous forests, alpine meadows, and snow-covered peaks.\r\n\r\nOur republic is renowned for its natural wealth. Its fauna is equally rich and diverse. Across the vast territory of Kazakhstan there are 11 species of amphibians (approximately 33% of the amphibian fauna of the USSR), more than 50 species of reptiles (about 40%), 153 species of mammals (about 50%), and over 450 species of birds. Altogether, this amounts to nearly half of all terrestrial vertebrate species found in the Soviet Union.\r\n\r\nAmong the species distributed primarily or entirely within Kazakhstan are the Semirechye salamander (or frog-toothed salamander); the remarkable dormouse-like animal only recently described in the Betpak-Dala Desert; Zhytkov's jerboa, the three-toed jerboa, the pygmy jerboa, the relict gull, the black lark, and several other species.\r\n\r\nIt is well known that vertebrate animals were among the principal sources of material welfare for ancient humans. They provided food, clothing, and tools. Even today, many of them remain important objects of commercial and recreational hunting. Fur-bearing animals have not lost their value, even in the age of synthetic fibers and artificial fur.\r\n\r\nThere is no need to prove that animals, especially numerous vertebrate species as well as invertebrates ranging from protozoans to insects, play an enormous role in environmental processes and therefore in our economy. They significantly influence the course of natural processes. Reptiles, birds, and mammals destroy vast numbers of insects and rodents, including agricultural pests and disease carriers, thereby providing invaluable services to humanity.\r\n\r\nSome species serve as intermediate links in the natural circulation of pathogens responsible for dangerous infectious diseases; others destroy these carriers and contribute to improving environmental health. Still others, such as the saiga antelope, red deer, and venomous snakes, provide valuable raw materials for medicine.\r\n\r\nCertain wild mammal species, such as the wild boar, are ancestral forms of modern domestic animals and are used in breeding programs aimed at developing new breeds.\r\n\r\nBy consuming the fruits of wild trees and shrubs, many animals contribute to the dispersal of these plants. Finally, one should not overlook the aesthetic value of vertebrates. It is difficult to imagine forests, steppes, and deserts without wild animals, birds, lizards, butterflies, dragonflies, large beetles, and countless other creatures that form an inseparable part of the natural world around us.\r\n\r\nYet under the impact of scientific-technical progress and human economic activity, the fauna of our planet is becoming increasingly impoverished. Humanity is now confronted with the task of protecting nature from its own actions. This is why environmental protection and the rational, planned use of natural resources have become among the most important state responsibilities, the successful fulfillment of which affects both present and future generations.\r\n\r\nThe question of “Man and the Environment” is rightly considered today to be as important as the peaceful use of atomic energy or the conquest of outer space. Animal populations, as an integral component of nature, have always possessed and will continue to possess immense significance for all humankind.\r\n\r\nThe Soviet state has consistently demonstrated concern for the protection and enhancement of natural resources. It is well known that Vladimir Ilyich Lenin personally initiated or signed ninety-four decrees and resolutions concerning the rational use of nature.\r\n\r\nFor example, Lenin's famous decrees “On Hunting Seasons and the Right to Possess Hunting Weapons” (1919) and “On Hunting” (1920) reflected his concern for the preservation of wildlife, especially the saiga antelope, which at that time faced the threat of extinction. As a result of protective measures, this valuable species has now recovered in Kazakhstan to numbers that make regulated economic use possible.\r\n\r\nDuring Lenin's lifetime, more than two hundred policy documents devoted to nature conservation were issued. On his initiative, despite widespread devastation and famine, the establishment of a system of nature reserves began. The Astrakhan Reserve was founded in 1919, the Ilmen Reserve in 1920, the Askania-Nova Reserve in 1921, and the Crimean Reserve in 1923. During the 1920s, the first nature reserves were also established in Kazakhstan.\r\n\r\nThe Communist Party and Soviet Government have consistently followed Lenin's principles concerning the preservation of natural wealth. These principles are reflected in major party documents, in the resolutions of the Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth Congresses of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and in the works of Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev and other party and state leaders.\r\n\r\nAt the Twenty-Fifth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1976), Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, stated:\r\n\r\n“Nature may be used in different ways. History provides many examples of how people have left behind barren, lifeless lands hostile to human existence. But, comrades, it is also possible, and indeed necessary, to enrich nature, to help it reveal its life-giving powers more fully.”\r\n\r\nBrezhnev also emphasized that:\r\n\r\n“Soviet scientists must not ignore environmental problems, which have recently become particularly acute.”\r\n\r\nThe issue of improving the integrated use of the environment was discussed at the Fourteenth Congress of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan in 1976 and has remained under the constant supervision of Party organizations throughout the republic.\r\n\r\n“It is time to understand,” declared Dinmukhamed Akhmedovich Kunaev, Member of the CPSU Politburo and First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, “that in our relationship with the environment we must always demonstrate foresight, care for the preservation and replenishment of natural wealth, and safeguard the purity of water resources and the atmosphere.”\r\n\r\nThe activities of the Soviet state in protecting the natural environment and the plant and animal world are reflected in numerous legislative acts. For example, in September 1972 the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the resolution On Measures for the Further Improvement of Nature Protection and Rational Use of Natural Resources, which declared:\r\n\r\n“One of the most important tasks of the state is the strict observance of legislation concerning the protection of land and its mineral resources, forests and water bodies, and the flora and fauna.”\r\n\r\nThe Supreme Soviet paid particular attention to wildlife conservation, emphasizing that:\r\n\r\n“Valuable and rare species of animals are protected by the state.”\r\n\r\nThe new Constitution of the USSR established the fundamental legal principles governing the relationship between Soviet society and nature. Article 18 stated:\r\n\r\n“For the benefit of present and future generations, the USSR takes the necessary measures for the scientifically grounded and rational use and protection of natural resources, including the animal and plant world, in order to improve the human environment.”\r\n\r\nThe draft Law of the USSR On the Protection and Utilization of Wildlife (December 1979) once again stressed:\r\n\r\n“The animal world possesses great scientific, educational, and aesthetic significance.”\r\n\r\nEnvironmental protection legislation was subsequently adopted by the Supreme Soviets of all Union republics.\r\n\r\nTo implement the decisions of the Communist Party and Soviet Government concerning the strengthening of environmental protection and the careful use of natural resources, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR adopted a resolution in May 1973 containing the following provision:\r\n\r\n“The Main Administration for Nature Reserves and Hunting Management under the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR shall be responsible for ensuring the protection and enrichment of wildlife resources within the republic, safeguarding and restoring representative natural complexes within state nature reserves, and supervising the proper management of hunting activities.”\r\n\r\nIn fulfillment of these directives, the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR and the Kazakhstan Society for Nature Protection convened a republic-wide scientific and production conference in 1973 entitled Rare and Endangered Birds and Mammals of Kazakhstan and Measures for Their Protection and Propagation. Participants included zoologists, hunting specialists, reserve personnel, procurement organization employees, university teachers, and many others.\r\n\r\nFollowing discussion of the submitted materials, it became clear that at least 87 vertebrate species within the republic faced threats of extinction: 5 species of fish and amphibians, 8 reptiles, 43 birds, and 31 mammals. Many of these had already been included in the International Red Data Book and the All-Union Red Data Book.\r\n\r\nIn January 1978, the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR established the Red Data Book of Rare and Endangered Species of Plants and Animals of Kazakhstan, known as the Red Data Book of the Kazakh SSR, and approved the corresponding regulations.\r\n\r\nThat same year, the Red Data Book of the Kazakh SSR, prepared largely by staff members of the Institute of Zoology, was published. Its appearance greatly advanced efforts to protect rare and endangered animals throughout the republic. The Red Data Book served as a warning signal, indicating that many species could disappear unless strict measures for their protection and breeding were implemented.\r\n\r\nAt the same time, it should not be forgotten that many species not currently threatened with extinction are also beneficial. Experience has shown that nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries play an enormous role in the protection and propagation of such animals.\r\n\r\nUnfortunately, the potential of wildlife sanctuaries, including those within Kazakhstan, has not yet been fully utilized. Given the vast territory of the republic, the six existing state nature reserves occupy only a tiny proportion of its area and do not encompass all natural zones. Moreover, reserve regulations have not always been observed strictly.\r\n\r\nZoological specialists have put forward many useful proposals for the protection and rational utilization of the republic's wildlife resources. They actively participate in determining the population size of game animals, developing biological foundations for hunting management and wildlife conservation, organizing conferences devoted to resource utilization, and communicating their findings through radio and television.\r\n\r\nThe publication of educational literature plays a particularly important role in fostering a respectful attitude toward nature. Newspaper articles about wildlife attract wide audiences, and books describing animal life are constantly in demand. Both adults and schoolchildren read them with interest.\r\n\r\nIf such a book is written by a knowledgeable specialist who skillfully describes the life and habits of wild animals, demonstrates their role in nature, and emphasizes their importance to humanity, then success in the common cause of nature conservation is assured.\r\n\r\nThis book represents a creative contribution by a group of researchers from the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR to the noble cause of promoting knowledge about the natural world around us. It is a collection of popular science essays or, more precisely, stories about animals, particularly about the secrets of their lives and behavior.\r\n\r\nThese essays were written by experienced specialists on the basis of many years of research and observation of reptiles, birds, and mammals in their natural habitats. Scientific accuracy in the selection and presentation of facts is organically combined with an engaging style of narration.\r\n\r\nCurious readers will learn many new things from the essay describing little-known aspects of the life of the tortoise. At first glance, this animal may seem unremarkable and hardly worthy of special attention. Yet the author devoted enormous effort, perseverance, and patience to observing the behavior of the Steppe Tortoise from its emergence after hibernation to the end of its active season.\r\n\r\nFew readers, perhaps, have ever known how young tortoises behave during the first days of their restless lives. Likewise, there are many facts about tortoises and vipers that most people have never imagined. After reading the relevant chapters, readers will undoubtedly realize that tortoises, snakes, and lizards could one day disappear as well if they are not granted the same care and sense of responsibility that we now extend to gazelles, wild asses, and snow leopards.\r\n\r\nOne of the essays provides a rich and fascinating account of the mystery of bird migration, attracting anyone who has ever wondered what compels birds to travel thousands of kilometers every year toward distant lands. The author explains the methods used to study this phenomenon and discusses the results of large-scale bird-banding programs. He spent much of every spring and autumn at the Chokpak Ornithological Station of the Institute of Zoology, where these observations were conducted.\r\n\r\nOn Lake Tengiz in Central Kazakhstan is located a nesting colony of one of the most remarkable red-winged birds in our country, the flamingo, a species included in the International Red Data Book. Ornithologists in Kazakhstan have devoted immense effort and time to studying these birds in remote and inaccessible places, observing with great care their incubation, feeding, molting, and chick-rearing behavior.\r\n\r\nEvery bird enthusiast will enjoy reading the essay devoted to the nesting life of small songbirds inhabiting the harsh high-mountain environment. Though outwardly unassuming, these birds play an important role in the life of spruce and juniper forests. One may wonder what would happen to these forest ecosystems if some of these tiny and tireless workers were to disappear. Ornithologists continue extensive work to better understand their way of life and survival strategies under specific environmental conditions.\r\n\r\nMany readers have heard of the unique even-toed ungulate known as the saiga antelope and know of the high quality of its meat. Far fewer, however, are aware of the thousands of kilometers these animals travel during their seasonal migrations. The essay entitled Eternal Wanderers offers an engaging account of this and many other aspects of saiga life. Its author spent countless hours in aircraft, observing from above the seasonal distribution of saiga herds and conducting population counts before spring and autumn harvest seasons.\r\n\r\nAnimals reveal the secrets of their private lives only to patient and sympathetic observers who dedicate long periods of time to studying them. In return, the animals cease to conceal their behavior. Such a relationship is beautifully described by marmot specialist Vasily Kapitonov, whose knowledge of the hidden lives of several marmot species appears almost complete. As a result, his essay reads like a narrative about an entirely unknown world.\r\n\r\nReaders will also be fascinated by the story of the mole-rat, an extraordinary subterranean rodent armed with massive claws and possessing only rudimentary eyes, which inhabits the meadows of the Talas and Altai regions. Few people have ever seen this small creature in nature, and understanding its hidden life requires great patience and extensive scientific knowledge.\r\n\r\nMany fairy tales and legends have been written about bears. Yet the everyday life of these animals under natural conditions is known only to mammalogists who have devoted years of their lives to studying large predators. The Tien Shan brown bear, inhabiting the mountains of southern Kazakhstan and Central Asia, has been included in the Red Data Book of the Kazakh SSR. This generally peaceful animal is increasingly being driven by human activity into the most remote and inaccessible areas. Its numbers continue to decline, and considerable effort will be required to preserve it for nature and future generations.\r\n\r\nThe essay devoted to the snow leopard will undoubtedly inspire readers with hope for the preservation of one of the most beloved representatives of our fauna.\r\n\r\nIn all these and many other engaging and instructive stories, the behavioral characteristics of our “younger brothers” are captured with remarkable sensitivity, both in their natural environments and under captive conditions. The scientists’ straightforward narration, sometimes expressed in the language of rigorous scholarship, derives its value from the richness of the scientific facts and the reliability of the observations presented.\r\n\r\nThis constitutes the unique value of the book.\r\n\r\nRead it. If questions arise, or if you wish to share your own observations of wildlife, write to the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. You will receive a reply. Any information you supply will not be ignored. It will be recorded on special data cards and, whenever possible, incorporated into scientific research.", "ds_source": "Author (Editorial Board): 丨.В. Gwozdev (.В.Гвоздев）В.И. KapitonovИ.Капитонов）Э.А. BeckovaА.Бычкова）\r\nPublished by: А зда тельс тво « ˇ а з а т ан»\r\nPublished: Almaty\r\nPublication year: 1979\r\nPages: 215 pages\r\nLanguage: Russian\r\nCollection barcode: XJLAS RU 70001699", "ds_process_way": "This book is the collection of the Documentation and Information Center of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Center). The center has stored the book electronically and has been recognized by OCR. The data processing process is in accordance with the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Library Collection Resources Digital Processing Specifications\", which fully complies with the data information of \"Kazakhstan's Biological Treasures\" without modification or deletion.", "ds_quality": "The collected \"Biological Treasures of Kazakhstan\" was electronically processed. In accordance with the requirements of the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources,\" the data information of \"Biological Treasures of Kazakhstan\" was not changed and deleted, and the data quality was reliable.", "ds_acq_place": "Soviet Union", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_format": "PDF format", "ds_projection": "", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_time_res": "" } }, "license_type": null, "doi_reg_from": "reg_local", "cstr_reg_from": "reg_local", "doi_not_reg_reason": null, "cstr_not_reg_reason": null, "is_paper_in_submitting": false, "ds_topic_tags": [ "动物行为学", "生物多样性保护" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "动物学" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 1986 ], "ds_contributors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_meta_authors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_managers": [ "文献信息中心" ], "category": "图书" }