为了正确评估核爆炸放射性产物和原子工业废物对环境污染对人类造成的危险程度，以及制定防护措施，必须研究放射性气溶胶和气体在大气及地球其他圈层中的扩散规律。为此，广泛运用了气象学、大气物理学和化学、气溶胶物理学和化学的最新研究方法和成果。在这类研究中，对天然来源的“示踪标记物质”（示踪剂）——二氧化碳、臭氧、水蒸气、天然放射性同位素等在大气和其他圈层中扩散的观测数据具有重要意义。\n同时，天然和人工示踪剂，特别是放射性示踪剂，是定性和定量研究介质（大气、水圈）运动以及各储存库和圈层之间交换（如对流层和平流层之间的气团交换、大气与海洋之间的碳交换）的新有力手段。利用放射性示踪剂研究地球的各个问题综合体被称为：核地球物理学、核地球化学，以及核气象学。近年来，核气象学研究在我国和全世界迅速发展。首批著作已经出版*。为了交流方法和研究成果，召开了两次核气象学会议：1960年6月在维尔纽斯和1964年2月在奥布宁斯克。\n本文集收录了第二次会议的报告，会议由苏联国家原子能利用委员会和苏联部长会议水文气象总局召集，在水文气象总局应用地球物理研究所举行。从事核气象学问题及相关学科问题的专家参加了会议。会议听取了约60篇报告，主要涉及以下问题：\n1. 大气天然放射性及其在气象过程研究中的应用。\n2. 大气中人工来源放射性气溶胶的物理化学性质，特别是“热粒子”。\n3. 核爆炸放射性产物在大气中的全球扩散及其沉降到地面。其中还包括一些专门研究这些产物在水圈中扩散的报告。\n4. 局部源对大气低层的放射性污染。\n5. 环境放射性污染的测量仪器和方法。\n在天然放射性报告中，讨论了大气中放射性射气及其衰变产物测量浓度的分布，以及利用这些数据研究不同尺度气象过程的问题，并给出了氡析出率的测量结果。在放射性气溶胶物理化学性质部分的报告中，介绍了大气中人工放射性气溶胶分散组成、核爆炸时裂变碎片的分离、云和降水冲刷放射性气溶胶过程的研究。在全球沉降报告中，给出了苏联和其他国家不同地点大气放射性污染水平和核爆炸产物沉降的系统测量结果。这些结果用于研究大气环流的一般问题（南北半球之间的交换、平流层和对流层之间的交换、极地地区的纬向交换）以及一些天气学研究。\n会议上关于对流层低层杂质湍流扩散研究的报告，使得解决与设计烟囱时考虑气象条件和确定大气允许放射性排放相关的实际问题成为可能。关于放射性污染研究方法论的报告表明，近年来在辐射测量和放射化学领域取得了显著进展，其中伽马能谱分析放射性混合物成分、超低活度测量、在样品放射化学分析中应用火焰光度法等已在大规模测量实践中得到应用。会议结果使人们认为，目前核气象学已最终形成为大气物理学和化学的一个独立分支。核气象学研究放射性同位素的产生、分布及其从大气中的清除、气象因素对这些过程的影响，以及利用大气中天然和人工来源的放射性同位素作为示踪剂进行气象学研究。\n会议满意地指出，根据苏联政府的倡议而缔结的《禁止在大气层、外层空间和水下进行核武器试验条约》已制止了环境被核爆炸放射性产物的进一步污染。这为研究核爆炸产物全球沉降规律、将大气中天然来源的放射性同位素用于科学目的，以及研究作为和平原子工业废物的放射性杂质在大气和水圈中的扩散创造了更有利的条件。\n这些问题组成了本文集各章节的基础。各章节以综述报告开篇，根据国内外科学文献阐述了问题的现状。其他报告包含我国近年来获得的实验材料和理论概括成果，以及推荐用于大规模观测的测量方法。报告讨论中提出的主要观点在出版准备过程中已纳入正文，因此文集中不再单独刊载讨论内容。\n会议决议指出，有必要仔细协调核气象学及相关问题的研究，以便获得更完整的环境放射性水平数据，更广泛地研究放射性物质在大气和其他圈层中扩散的定性特别是定量规律。\n
", "ds_source": "作者（编委会）：Т. П.卡柳日娜娅（Т. П. Калюжная）С. М.波波娃（С. М. Попова）出版社：Атомиздат\n出版地：莫斯科\n出版年：1965年\n页数：491页 \n语种：俄文\n馆藏条形码：XJLAS RU 70021431\n分类号：УДК 539.163 : 551.5\n
", "ds_process_way": "本书为中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所文献信息中心（以下简称中心）馆藏文献，中心将本书电子化后存储，已经过OCR识别，数据加工过程依据国家标准《GB/T 31219.2-2014图书馆馆藏资源数字化加工规范》，完全遵照《大气中的放射性同位素及其在气象学中的应用》的数据信息，未改动删减。\n
", "ds_quality": "对收集到的《大气中的放射性同位素及其在气象学中的应用》进行电子化加工处理，按照国家标准《GB/T 31219.2-2014图书馆馆藏资源数字化加工规范》要求，未改动删减《大气中的放射性同位素及其在气象学中的应用》的数据信息，数据质量可靠。\n
", "ds_acq_start_time": "2025-07-07 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2025-07-07 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "苏联", "ds_acq_lon_east": null, "ds_acq_lat_south": null, "ds_acq_lon_west": null, "ds_acq_lat_north": null, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "apply-access", "ds_total_size": 76966239, "ds_files_count": 1, "ds_format": "PDF格式", "ds_space_res": "无", "ds_time_res": "无", "ds_coordinate": "无", "ds_projection": "", "ds_thumbnail": "b85716ba-69c7-4a81-8243-21b4f5d2df22.jpg", "ds_thumb_from": 0, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "a5877b42-96ea-4f13-af7e-246f355413d6", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "170.1510" ], "quality_level": 1, "publish_time": "2026-09-18 10:52:58", "first_publish_time": null, "last_updated": "2026-09-21 19:48:01", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "33110.11.ariddc.01813", "license": null, "extra": null, "files_shape": [ { "name": "20250707003(XJLASRU70021431).pdf", "size": 76966239, "is_dir": false } ], "features": null, "data_level": 0, "i18n": { "en": { "title": "Radioactive isotopes in the atmosphere and their applications in meteorology", "ds_abstract": "In order to correctly assess the degree of danger posed to humanity by environmental contamination from radioactive products of nuclear explosions and wastes from the atomic industry, and to develop appropriate protective measures, it is necessary to study the laws governing the dispersion of radioactive aerosols and gases in the atmosphere and in other spheres of the Earth. For this purpose, the latest methods and achievements of meteorology, atmospheric physics and chemistry, and aerosol physics and chemistry have been widely applied. In such studies, observational data on the dispersion of naturally occurring “tracer substances” (tracers), such as carbon dioxide, ozone, water vapor, and natural radioactive isotopes, in the atmosphere and other geospheres are of great importance.\r\n\r\nAt the same time, natural and artificial tracers, especially radioactive tracers, have become powerful new tools for the qualitative and quantitative study of the movement of media such as the atmosphere and hydrosphere, as well as exchanges between different reservoirs and geospheres, for example, air-mass exchange between the troposphere and stratosphere or carbon exchange between the atmosphere and the oceans. The study of various Earth-system processes using radioactive tracers has given rise to such disciplines as nuclear geophysics, nuclear geochemistry, and nuclear meteorology. In recent years, nuclear meteorology has developed rapidly both in the Soviet Union and throughout the world. The first monographs in this field have already been published. To facilitate the exchange of methods and research results, two conferences on nuclear meteorology were held: one in Vilnius in June 1960 and another in Obninsk in February 1964.\r\n\r\nThis volume contains the papers presented at the second conference, which was convened by the State Committee for the Utilization of Atomic Energy of the USSR and the Main Administration of Hydrometeorology under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, and held at the Applied Geophysics Institute of the Hydrometeorological Administration. Specialists working on problems of nuclear meteorology and related disciplines participated in the meeting. Approximately sixty reports were presented, addressing the following principal topics:\r\n\r\nNatural radioactivity in the atmosphere and its application to the study of meteorological processes.\r\nThe physicochemical properties of anthropogenic radioactive aerosols in the atmosphere, especially so-called “hot particles.”\r\nThe global dispersion of radioactive products from nuclear explosions in the atmosphere and their deposition on the Earth's surface, including several reports devoted specifically to the dispersion of these products in the hydrosphere.\r\nRadioactive contamination of the lower atmosphere from local sources.\r\nInstruments and methods for measuring environmental radioactive contamination.\r\n\r\nReports on natural radioactivity examined the distribution of measured concentrations of atmospheric radioactive emanations and their decay products, as well as the use of these data in studying meteorological processes at different spatial scales. Measurements of radon exhalation rates were also presented. Reports dealing with the physicochemical properties of radioactive aerosols discussed the particle-size composition of artificial radioactive aerosols in the atmosphere, the separation of fission fragments during nuclear explosions, and the processes by which clouds and precipitation remove radioactive aerosols from the atmosphere. Reports on global fallout presented systematic measurements of atmospheric radioactive contamination levels and deposition of nuclear-explosion products at various locations in the Soviet Union and other countries. These data were used to investigate general problems of atmospheric circulation, including exchanges between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, exchanges between the stratosphere and troposphere, and zonal exchange processes in polar regions, as well as various meteorological problems.\r\n\r\nReports on turbulent diffusion of contaminants in the lower troposphere made it possible to address practical problems connected with incorporating meteorological conditions into chimney design and determining permissible levels of radioactive emissions into the atmosphere. Reports devoted to the methodology of radioactive-contamination studies demonstrated that significant advances had recently been achieved in radiation measurement and radiochemistry. Among these developments were the application of gamma-ray spectrometry for determining the composition of radioactive mixtures, the measurement of ultra-low levels of radioactivity, and the use of flame photometry in the radiochemical analysis of samples, all of which have already found broad use in large-scale monitoring programs. The conference concluded that nuclear meteorology had now become a fully independent branch of atmospheric physics and chemistry. Nuclear meteorology investigates the production, distribution, and removal of radioactive isotopes from the atmosphere, the influence of meteorological factors on these processes, and the use of naturally occurring and anthropogenic radioactive isotopes in the atmosphere as tracers in meteorological research.\r\n\r\nThe conference expressed satisfaction that the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space, and Under Water, concluded at the initiative of the Soviet Government, had halted further environmental contamination by radioactive products of nuclear explosions. This created more favorable conditions for studying the global fallout of nuclear-explosion products, for using naturally occurring atmospheric radioactive isotopes for scientific purposes, and for investigating the dispersion of radioactive contaminants in the atmosphere and hydrosphere arising from the peaceful atomic industry.\r\n\r\nThese issues form the basis of the various chapters in this volume. Each section begins with a review paper that summarizes the current state of the problem on the basis of Soviet and international scientific literature. The remaining reports contain experimental results obtained in recent years, theoretical syntheses, and recommended measurement methods suitable for large-scale observation programs. The principal comments raised during the discussions were incorporated into the text during editorial preparation, and therefore the discussions themselves are not published separately in the volume.\r\n\r\nThe conference resolution emphasized the necessity of carefully coordinating research in nuclear meteorology and related fields in order to obtain more complete information on environmental radioactivity levels and to broaden the study of the qualitative, and especially quantitative, laws governing the dispersion of radioactive substances in the atmosphere and other geospheres.", "ds_source": "Author (Editorial Board): ④.П. Kaluzhnaya (④.П.Калюжная）С.М. PopovaМ. Pers о п ова) Published by: А т омизда т\r\nPublished: Moscow\r\nPublication year: 1965\r\nPages: 491 pages \r\nLanguage: Russian\r\nCollection barcode: XJLAS RU 70021431\r\nClassification No.: У п б 539.163 : 551.5\r\n
", "ds_process_way": "This book is the collection of the Documentation and Information Center of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Center). The center has stored the book electronically and has been recognized by OCR. The data processing process is in accordance with the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\", and fully complies with the data information of \"Radioisotopes in the Atmosphere and their Applications in Meteorology\" without modification or deletion.\r\n
", "ds_quality": "The collected \"Radioisotopes in the Atmosphere and Their Applications in Meteorology\" were processed electronically. In accordance with the requirements of the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\",\"Radioisotopes in the Atmosphere and Their Applications in Meteorology\" were not changed and deleted. The data information is of reliable quality.\r\n
", "ds_acq_place": "Soviet Union", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_format": "PDF format", "ds_projection": "", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_time_res": "" } }, "license_type": null, "doi_reg_from": "reg_local", "cstr_reg_from": "reg_local", "doi_not_reg_reason": null, "cstr_not_reg_reason": null, "is_paper_in_submitting": false, "ds_topic_tags": [ "核气象学", "环境污染", "放射性同位素" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "大气物理学" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "苏联" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 1965 ], "ds_contributors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_meta_authors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_managers": [ "文献信息中心" ], "category": "图书" }