本书介绍了俄罗斯科学院地理研究所在过去10至15年间完成的冰川学研究结果。这些研究主要由冰川学部门的科研人员参与完成，气候学实验室的科研人员也有所贡献。该研究所规模最大的冰川学部门成立于1957年，由时任苏联科学院地理研究所副所长的Г. А. 阿夫休克创建，旨在组织国际地球物理年期间对山地和极地冰川的广泛研究。数十名刚刚走出大学校门、踏入科学领域的年轻人参与了这些工作——当时冰川学部门科研人员的平均年龄仅略高于30岁。\n冰川学部门成立初期，其科研人员的工作首先致力于处理在国际地球物理年期间、在南极洲、极地乌拉尔地区和俄罗斯北极岛屿极端困难的越冬条件下\"获取\"的资料。那个年代收集的几乎所有资料都发表在了《冰川学研究资料》系列中——在那个前计算机时代，这是主要的一手数据来源。紧张的工作取得了巨大成功：该部门科研人员出版了几部重要的专著（科特利亚科夫，1961年；《乌拉尔冰川作用》，1966年；《新地岛冰川作用》，1968年；《法兰士约瑟夫地群岛冰川作用》，1973年），并成为编纂《苏联冰川目录》（1965–1982年）以及根据联合国教科文组织国际水文计划和国家冰川波动观测计划在高山冰川代表流域开展工作的先行者。\n在中部高加索和帕米尔地区进行的大型考察取得了重要成果，这些成果构成了两种新方法的基础：雪冰系统及其分布场的概念，以及高山冰川流域的水冰平衡概念。根据国际水文计划及其后续的国际水文十年计划开展的多年工作，最终出版了几本包含当时研究成果的著作（霍达科夫，1978年；克连克，1982年；《马鲁克冰川》，1988年）。\n20世纪60年代发生了两起举世闻名的事件：1963年帕米尔的麦德韦日冰川发生剧烈跃动，以及1969/70年北高加索的科尔卡冰川发生跃动。由冰川学部门组织的对这两条冰川的详细研究，成为世界上首次对新一类跃动冰川进行的综合研究。制定了对此类冰川进行详细地面和航空航天观测的方法，并在此基础上，世界上首次预测了麦德韦日冰川的下一次跃动，该跃动确实在10年后发生了。这些工作的成果是几部专著（多尔古申、奥西波娃，1982年；罗托塔耶夫等，1983年）。\n早在20世纪60年代，冰川学部门就开始了极地冰川研究的新阶段工作。这次选择的研究地点是斯瓦尔巴群岛，自1965年起，地理研究所的斯瓦尔巴冰川学考察队开始在此工作，后来成为常驻考察。在随后的几年里，该部门科研人员将研究扩展至法兰士约瑟夫地群岛和北地群岛，在那里钻探并研究了深冰钻孔。这些广泛工作的成果体现在该部门科研人员撰写的几部关于极地研究的著作中（《斯瓦尔巴冰川作用》，1975年；《斯瓦尔巴冰川学》，1985年；《冰川作用的相互作用…》，1987年；《动态与演化…》，1992年）。\n该部门在原苏联冰川地区的广泛研究、对雪冰系统分布场概念的阐述，以及108卷《苏联冰川目录》的出版，使得在20世纪70年代得以启动创建《世界冰雪资源图集》这一极其复杂的项目。这些由冰川学部门牵头的工作，吸引了来自苏联各地的约300名科学家参与。该《图集》的编制持续了20多年，于1997年出版，成为我国对世界冰川学的重要贡献。如今，这部内容浩繁的《图集》正被转化为数字形式，电子版《地球上的雪与冰》图集的创建工作已接近完成。\n随着苏联解体，冰川学研究条件与其他科学领域一样，变得异常困难。中亚山脉和高加索山脉南坡变成了国外领土，许多地区变得难以甚至无法进行研究。经费不足以支持复杂的考察工作。基于这些新条件，该部门的研究集中在了有限的对象上，并更广泛地应用了遥感方法。冰川学部门的科研人员继续每年在厄尔布鲁士山冰川和西斯匹次卑尔根岛工作。还对法兰士约瑟夫地群岛和俄罗斯北极其他一些地区进行了研究。同时，利用遥感方法对冰川进行了深入研究，利用航空和航天摄影来识别跃动冰川，其中一个具体成果是编制了《帕米尔跃动冰川目录》（奥西波娃等，1998年）。\n地理研究所科研人员在过去15年进行的研究涵盖了广泛的课题，涉及北亚和中亚地区现代冰川的动态与波动，以及季节性积雪覆盖。这些研究包括对积雪覆盖与大气环流相互作用、多年冻土存在与退化因素、全球变暖当代背景下热状况与冰川波动相互作用的研究，重建全新世冰川的冰川学方法，以及对未来几十年冰川作用的某些预测要素。\n所有这些研究方向均在本专著中有所体现。从地域上看，本书涵盖了原苏联的全部空间，以及欧洲北极的西部（主要是斯瓦尔巴群岛）和中亚的一些地区。我们总体上将这片区域称为北亚与中亚。在时间方面，主要关注20世纪下半叶，冰川学部门积累了该时期的大量资料。\n本书包含大量插图和表格。黑白插图随文排版，彩色插图则单独成册。辅助性及大型表格列于附录中。图、表和公式的编号在每章内单独进行，参考文献统一列出。
", "ds_source": "作者（编委会）：В. М. 科特利亚科夫 (В. М. Котляков)\n出版社：Издательство «Наука»\n出版地：莫斯科\n出版年：2006年\n页数：482页 \n语种：俄文\n分类号：УДК 551.2/.3
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These studies were conducted primarily by researchers of the Department of Glaciology, with contributions from scientists of the Climatology Laboratory as well. The Institute’s largest scientific division, the Department of Glaciology, was established in 1957 by G. A. Avsyuk, then Deputy Director of the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, with the aim of organizing extensive investigations of mountain and polar glaciers during the International Geophysical Year. Dozens of young people who had just graduated from universities and entered scientific research participated in this work. At that time, the average age of the Department’s researchers was only slightly above thirty.\r\n\r\nDuring its initial years, the Department’s efforts were devoted primarily to processing data obtained during the International Geophysical Year under extremely difficult overwintering conditions in Antarctica, the Polar Urals, and the Arctic islands of Russia. Nearly all of the material collected during that period was published in the series Data of Glaciological Studies, which, in the pre-computer era, served as the principal source of primary data. These intensive efforts achieved remarkable success. Researchers of the Department published several important monographs (Kotlyakov, 1961; Glaciation of the Urals, 1966; Glaciation of Novaya Zemlya, 1968; Glaciation of Franz Josef Land, 1973). They also became pioneers in compiling the Catalogue of Glaciers of the USSR (1965-1982) and in conducting studies on representative mountain-glacier basins within the framework of UNESCO’s International Hydrological Programme and the national glacier fluctuation monitoring program.\r\n\r\nMajor expeditions to the Central Caucasus and the Pamirs produced significant results, which formed the basis for two new scientific concepts: the concept of snow-and-ice systems and their distribution fields, and the concept of the water-ice balance of mountain glacier basins. Many years of work conducted under the International Hydrological Programme and its successor, the International Hydrological Decade, culminated in the publication of several books summarizing the results achieved at that time (Khodakov, 1978; Krenke, 1982; Marukh Glacier, 1988).\r\n\r\nTwo internationally renowned events occurred during the 1960s: the dramatic surge of Medvezhiy Glacier in the Pamirs in 1963 and the surge of Kolka Glacier in the North Caucasus in 1969-1970. Detailed investigations of these glaciers, organized by the Department of Glaciology, became the first comprehensive studies in the world devoted to a newly recognized category of surge-type glaciers. Methods were developed for detailed ground-based as well as aerial and spaceborne observations of such glaciers. On this basis, scientists made the world’s first successful prediction of a future surge of Medvezhiy Glacier, which indeed occurred ten years later. The results of this work were published in several monographs (Dolgushin and Osipova, 1982; Rototayev et al., 1983).\r\n\r\nAs early as the 1960s, the Department entered a new phase of polar glacier research. The selected study area was the Svalbard Archipelago. Beginning in 1965, the Institute’s Svalbard Glaciological Expedition started work there and later became a permanent operation. In subsequent years, researchers expanded their studies to Franz Josef Land and Severnaya Zemlya, where deep ice boreholes were drilled and investigated. The results of these extensive efforts were reflected in several major works on polar glaciology produced by Department researchers (Glaciation of Svalbard, 1975; Glaciology of Svalbard, 1985; Interaction of Glaciation..., 1987; Dynamics and Evolution..., 1992).\r\n\r\nThe Department’s extensive investigations throughout the glaciated regions of the former Soviet Union, the development of the concept of snow-and-ice system distribution fields, and the publication of the 108-volume Catalogue of Glaciers of the USSR made it possible in the 1970s to initiate the extraordinarily complex project of compiling the Atlas of the World’s Snow and Ice Resources. This undertaking, led by the Department of Glaciology, involved approximately 300 scientists from across the Soviet Union. Work on the Atlas continued for more than twenty years and resulted in its publication in 1997, representing an important contribution of our country to world glaciology. Today, this extensive Atlas is being converted into digital form, and work on the electronic atlas Snow and Ice on the Earth is nearing completion.\r\n\r\nFollowing the dissolution of the Soviet Union, conditions for glaciological research, as in many other scientific fields, became extremely difficult. The mountains of Central Asia and the southern slopes of the Caucasus became foreign territory, and many regions became difficult or even impossible to access for research. Financial resources were insufficient to support complex field expeditions. Under these new circumstances, the Department concentrated its studies on a limited number of key sites and expanded its use of remote-sensing methods. Researchers continued annual work on the glaciers of Mount Elbrus and in western Spitsbergen. Studies were also carried out in Franz Josef Land and other regions of the Russian Arctic. At the same time, remote sensing was increasingly applied to glacier investigations, including the use of aerial and satellite imagery to identify surge-type glaciers. One specific result was the compilation of the Catalogue of Surge-Type Glaciers of the Pamirs (Osipova et al., 1998).\r\n\r\nResearch conducted by scientists of the Institute of Geography during the past fifteen years has covered a broad range of topics related to the dynamics and fluctuations of modern glaciers and seasonal snow cover in North and Central Asia. These studies include investigations of interactions between snow cover and atmospheric circulation, factors controlling the existence and degradation of permafrost, interactions between thermal conditions and glacier fluctuations in the context of contemporary global warming, glaciological methods for reconstructing Holocene glaciers, and certain elements of forecasting future glacier development over the coming decades.\r\n\r\nAll of these research directions are reflected in the present monograph. Geographically, the book covers the entire territory of the former Soviet Union, as well as the western sector of the European Arctic (primarily Svalbard) and parts of Central Asia. Collectively, this region is referred to here as North and Central Asia. Chronologically, the principal focus is on the second half of the twentieth century, a period for which the Department of Glaciology accumulated extensive observational data.\r\n\r\nThe book contains a large number of illustrations and tables. Black-and-white figures are incorporated directly into the text, while color illustrations are presented in a separate volume. Supplementary and large-format tables are included in the appendices. Figures, tables, and equations are numbered separately within each chapter, while references are presented in a consolidated bibliography.", "ds_source": "Author (Editorial Board): Expand.М. KotlyakovМ.Котляков)\r\nPublished by: 丨 зда тельство « 丨 аука»\r\nPublished: Moscow\r\nPublication year: 2006\r\nPages: 482 pages \r\nLanguage: Russian\r\nClassification No.: У п б 551.2/.3", "ds_process_way": "This book is the collection of the Documentation and Information Center of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Center). The center has stored the book electronically and has been recognized by OCR. The data processing process is in accordance with the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\", fully complying with the data information of \"Glacier Action in North and Central Asia in the Modern Era\" without modification or deletion.", "ds_quality": "The collected \"Glacier Action in North and Central Asia in the Modern Era\" was electronically processed and processed. In accordance with the requirements of the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Code for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\",\"Glacier Action in North and Central Asia in the Modern Era\" was unchanged and deleted. The data information of \"Glacier Action in North and Central Asia in the Modern Era\" was of reliable quality.", "ds_acq_place": "Soviet Union", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_format": "PDF format", "ds_projection": "", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_time_res": "" } }, "license_type": null, "doi_reg_from": "reg_local", "cstr_reg_from": "reg_local", "doi_not_reg_reason": null, "cstr_not_reg_reason": null, "is_paper_in_submitting": false, "ds_topic_tags": [ "冰川动态", "冰川学" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "水文物理学" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "俄罗斯联邦" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 2006 ], "ds_contributors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_meta_authors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_managers": [ "文献信息中心" ], "category": "图书" }