苏联欧洲部分的中央地区属于我国开发程度最高、人口最稠密的地区之一。农业涵盖多种主要农作物、高产的畜牧业以及大量工业企业（主要是加工工业）。党和政府的决议规定采取一系列重大措施，以提高农作物产量、扩大播种面积、增加牲畜总头数及其生产率。\n为了增加苏联欧洲部分中央地区（以及其他地区）的粮食、经济作物和油料作物产量，计划将某些作物向北推进，并扩大冬小麦和春小麦、荞麦、黍、豆类和谷物饲料作物（玉米、大麦、燕麦）、甜菜、亚麻、大麻和向日葵的播种面积。\n为了畜牧业的顺利发展和建立稳固的饲料基地，还扩大了播种面积，并制定了提高多年生和一年生牧草、青贮玉米和向日葵、马铃薯、饲料块根和饲料瓜类作物产量的措施。\n各地都在建立新的果树和浆果果园，种植抗寒的米丘林品种的苹果、梨、李、樱桃和浆果。在大型工业中心的近郊地区，马铃薯和蔬菜的产量急剧增加，奶牛养殖、养猪、家禽和果树园艺业也在发展。党和政府关于社会主义农业改造的措施，建立在将某些作物向北推进、应用最新农业技术和利用未开发土地（河漫滩、低洼地、排水泥炭地等）的基础上。\n在农业改造过程中，除了一系列组织措施外，还需要准确而详细地考虑农场所在地的自然地理特征，特别是其土壤和气候特征，在许多情况下还要考虑个别田块的小气候。\n目前尚无整个中央地区的气候描述。仅在Е.Е.费奥多罗夫（Е.Е. Федоров）和А.И.巴拉诺夫（А.И. Баранов）的专著（1949年）中以天气形式给出了该地区气候的一般概述，但其中未能充分反映气候特征对农业生产的影响。其余气候概述仅涵盖个别地区，且在大多数情况下未能回答现代农业的基本问题。\n本工作由以А.И.沃耶伊科夫（А.И. Воейков）命名的中央地球物理观测台气候学部和全苏作物栽培研究所农业气象部的大量工作人员共同完成，收集和整理了近年来两个部门积累的气候和物候研究成果，进行了一系列专门的数据处理，并参考了已出版的中央地区相关著作的经验。\n大部分地图资料是重新编制的，使用了截至1950年的气象站长序列观测资料（特别是降水、积雪、土壤温度等数据）。本工作气候部分的基础材料是各州的气候学手册。\n对于农业生产的规划计算来说，仅靠气候要素的月平均值是不够的，因此有必要广泛开发一系列反映各气候指标随时间变化的数值。为此，本工作广泛使用了事件发生概率，以两种形式表示：按年份的事件发生概率（用于降水、积雪等）和特定日期之前或超过特定持续时间的周期发生概率——主要用于描述周期的开始、结束时间和持续时间特征。事件发生概率是指其在长序列年份中的统计重现率，以百分比表示。\n大多数气象要素的概率表是根据长序列观测数据编制的。它们显示了在多年平均值一定的情况下，各等级的出现频率。例如，当6月平均降水量为60毫米（表69，区域I）时，在100年中有8年在干旱年份可能出现不足20毫米的降水（概率8%），有24年可能为20至40毫米。当平均值为70毫米时，最常出现的是40至60毫米的月降水量（概率23%），而在多雨年份月降水量可能超过120毫米（概率12%）。7月份，在同一区域平均降水量同样为60毫米时，降水量不足20毫米的概率上升到10%。最可能出现的降水量为每月20-80毫米（三个等级各占22%）。在最潮湿的年份，7月降水量也会超过120毫米。降水、0°C温度渗透深度等均以这种概率形式给出。\n对于特定温度和无霜期周期的开始和结束日期，给出了其在特定日期之前开始和结束的概率。例如，如果日平均气温高于0°C的平均开始日期是4月1日（表4），那么在任何年份都不可能早于3月6日出现正温（概率0%）。在100年中有2年，这种温度会早于3月11日出现（概率2%），到4月26日，在所有情况下日平均气温都高于0°C（概率100%）。不同持续时间周期的概率也同样给出。\n利用概率表，可以评估与特定年份天气条件相关的实验结果。例如，当评估某种新作物向北推进的可能性时，如果在一两年内获得了好或差的结果，就应确定该年份的主要指标（热量和水分）偏离多年平均值的程度（根据无霜期长度、积温、夏季平均温度、冬季最低温度、降水量等），并根据这些现象的概率表确定在多大程度上可以预期类似、更好或更差的成熟条件。在非常温暖的年份（其出现概率不超过10-20%）获得喜温作物的好收成，并不足以证明该作物在新地区能成功种植。相反，如果在较冷的年份获得同样的结果，而类似或更好条件的概率为60-70%，那么就可以预期该作物在所研究地区有成功推广的可能。\n各种日平均温度日期的发生概率可用于确定最合理的田间作业开始和结束日期、最可能的生长期开始日期等。\n为了更详细地描述热状况，给出了旬平均温度和根据月平均温度确定的日平均温度重现率（附录3和5）。尝试将昼夜平均温度与月平均温度、平均最高温和平均最低温联系起来。\n本工作高度重视人类对气候的积极影响，以及农田防护林、灌溉、排水和大型水库对农田小气候的改变。\n
", "ds_source": "作者（编委会）：И. А.戈利茨贝格, О. А.德罗兹多夫（И. А. Гольцберг, О. А. Дроздов）\n出版社：Гидрометеорологическое издательство\n出版地：莫斯科\n出版年：1956年\n页数：310页 \n语种：俄文\n馆藏条形码：XJLAS RU 70019320\n
", "ds_process_way": "本书为中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所文献信息中心（以下简称中心）馆藏文献，中心将本书电子化后存储，已经过OCR识别，数据加工过程依据国家标准《GB/T 31219.2-2014图书馆馆藏资源数字化加工规范》，完全遵照《苏联欧洲部分中央地区的气候资源及其在农业生产中的利用》的数据信息，未改动删减。\n
", "ds_quality": "对收集到的《苏联欧洲部分中央地区的气候资源及其在农业生产中的利用》进行电子化加工处理，按照国家标准《GB/T 31219.2-2014图书馆馆藏资源数字化加工规范》要求，未改动删减《苏联欧洲部分中央地区的气候资源及其在农业生产中的利用》的数据信息，数据质量可靠。\n
", "ds_acq_start_time": "2025-07-02 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2025-07-02 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "苏联", "ds_acq_lon_east": null, "ds_acq_lat_south": null, "ds_acq_lon_west": null, "ds_acq_lat_north": null, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "apply-access", "ds_total_size": 30819897, "ds_files_count": 1, "ds_format": "PDF格式", "ds_space_res": "无", "ds_time_res": "无", "ds_coordinate": "无", "ds_projection": "无", "ds_thumbnail": "b15cc631-dc8a-45da-9393-e4310b298451.jpg", "ds_thumb_from": 0, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "a5877b42-96ea-4f13-af7e-246f355413d6", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "210.2020" ], "quality_level": 1, "publish_time": "2026-09-18 17:36:49", "first_publish_time": null, "last_updated": "2026-09-18 17:41:40", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "33110.11.ariddc.01799", "license": null, "extra": null, "files_shape": [ { "name": "20250702001(XJLASRU70019320).pdf", "size": 30819897, "is_dir": false } ], "features": null, "data_level": 0, "i18n": { "en": { "title": "", "ds_abstract": "The central region of the European part of the Soviet Union is one of the most highly developed and densely populated areas of the country. Agriculture includes a wide range of major crops, highly productive livestock farming, and numerous industrial enterprises, primarily processing industries. Resolutions adopted by the Party and the Government provided for a series of major measures aimed at increasing crop yields, expanding cultivated areas, increasing livestock numbers, and improving productivity.\r\n\r\nIn order to increase the output of grain crops, industrial crops, and oilseed crops in the central region of the European part of the Soviet Union (as well as in other regions), plans were made to extend the cultivation of certain crops northward and to expand the acreage devoted to winter and spring wheat, buckwheat, millet, legumes, feed grains (maize, barley, and oats), sugar beet, flax, hemp, and sunflower.\r\n\r\nTo ensure the successful development of animal husbandry and the establishment of a stable fodder base, cultivated areas were also expanded, and measures were introduced to increase the yields of perennial and annual forage grasses, silage maize and sunflower, potatoes, fodder root crops, and fodder melons.\r\n\r\nNew orchards and berry plantations were being established throughout the region, with the planting of cold-resistant Michurin varieties of apples, pears, plums, cherries, and berry crops. In the suburban zones of major industrial centers, the production of potatoes and vegetables increased sharply, while dairy farming, pig breeding, poultry farming, and fruit growing also expanded. The Party's and Government's measures for the socialist transformation of agriculture were based on the northward extension of certain crops, the application of advanced agricultural technology, and the utilization of previously undeveloped lands, including floodplains, lowlands, and drained peatlands.\r\n\r\nIn the course of agricultural transformation, in addition to a series of organizational measures, it is essential to take accurate and detailed account of the natural geographical characteristics of farm locations, particularly their soil and climatic conditions, and in many cases the microclimate of individual fields as well.\r\n\r\nAt present, no comprehensive climatic description exists for the entire central region. Only the monograph by E. E. Fedorov and A. I. Baranov (1949) provides a general overview of the region’s climate in terms of weather conditions, but it does not adequately reflect the influence of climatic characteristics on agricultural production. Other climatic surveys cover only individual areas and, in most cases, fail to address the fundamental questions of modern agriculture.\r\n\r\nThis work was prepared jointly by numerous staff members of the Department of Climatology of the Central Geophysical Observatory named after A. I. Voeykov and the Department of Agricultural Meteorology of the All-Union Research Institute of Crop Production. It brings together and systematizes the climatic and phenological research accumulated by the two institutions in recent years, incorporates a series of special data-processing studies, and draws upon the experience of previously published works concerning the central region.\r\n\r\nMost of the cartographic materials were newly compiled using long-term observational records from meteorological stations up to 1950, particularly data on precipitation, snow cover, and soil temperature. The climatic section of this work is based primarily on climatological reference manuals for the individual oblasts.\r\n\r\nFor agricultural planning and calculation purposes, monthly averages of climatic elements alone are insufficient. It is therefore necessary to develop a wide range of indicators reflecting temporal variations in climatic characteristics. To this end, this work makes extensive use of probability estimates, expressed in two forms: probabilities of occurrence by year (used for precipitation, snow cover, and similar phenomena) and probabilities that specific periods begin before a certain date or exceed a certain duration. The latter are primarily used to characterize the onset, termination, and duration of climatic periods. The probability of occurrence is defined as the statistical recurrence frequency of an event within a long series of years, expressed as a percentage.\r\n\r\nProbability tables for most meteorological elements were compiled from long-term observational records. They indicate the frequency with which values of different classes occur under a given long-term average. For example, when the average precipitation in June is 60 mm (Table 69, Region I), there may be eight years out of one hundred with less than 20 mm of precipitation during dry years (8% probability), and twenty-four years with 20-40 mm. When the average is 70 mm, monthly precipitation of 40-60 mm occurs most frequently (23% probability), while in wet years monthly totals may exceed 120 mm (12% probability). In July, for the same region and the same average precipitation of 60 mm, the probability of receiving less than 20 mm increases to 10%. The most likely precipitation range is 20-80 mm per month, with each of the three classes accounting for approximately 22%. In the wettest years, July precipitation may also exceed 120 mm. Similar probability distributions are presented for precipitation, the depth of penetration of temperatures above 0°C, and related indicators.\r\n\r\nFor periods defined by particular temperatures and frost-free conditions, probabilities are given for their beginning and ending before specified dates. For example, if the average date when the mean daily temperature rises above 0°C is April 1 (Table 4), then positive temperatures can never occur before March 6 in any year (0% probability). In two years out of one hundred, such temperatures may occur before March 11 (2% probability), while by April 26 the mean daily temperature exceeds 0°C in all years (100% probability). Probabilities for periods of different durations are presented in a similar manner.\r\n\r\nProbability tables can be used to evaluate experimental results associated with the weather conditions of particular years. For example, when assessing the possibility of extending a new crop northward, if favorable or unfavorable results are obtained during one or two years, it is necessary to determine the extent to which the year’s principal indicators (heat and moisture) deviated from long-term averages, using such measures as frost-free period length, accumulated temperatures, mean summer temperature, winter minimum temperature, and precipitation. By consulting the probability tables for these phenomena, one can determine how likely similar, better, or worse maturation conditions may be. A good harvest of a heat-loving crop during exceptionally warm years, whose recurrence probability does not exceed 10-20%, is not sufficient evidence that the crop can be successfully cultivated in a new region. Conversely, if the same result is obtained in a relatively cool year, and similar or better conditions occur with a probability of 60-70%, then there are reasonable grounds to expect successful introduction of the crop into the region under study.\r\n\r\nThe probabilities associated with the occurrence of specific mean daily temperature dates may be used to determine the most appropriate starting and ending dates for field operations, as well as the most probable beginning of the growing season and other agricultural activities.\r\n\r\nTo provide a more detailed characterization of thermal conditions, ten-day mean temperatures and recurrence frequencies of mean daily temperatures derived from monthly averages are presented (Appendices 3 and 5). An attempt is also made to relate mean diurnal temperature to monthly average temperature, average maximum temperature, and average minimum temperature.\r\n\r\nParticular attention is paid in this work to the positive influence of human activity on climate and to the effects of shelterbelts, irrigation, drainage, and large reservoirs on the microclimate of agricultural lands.", "ds_source": "Author (Editorial Board):.А. Golitzberg, ○.А. DrozdorfА.Гольцберг, О.А.Дроздов）\r\nPublished by: 丨 и д р оме т е о р о л о г иче ско е издат е льс тво\r\nPublished: Moscow\r\nPublication year: 1956\r\nPages: 310 pages \r\nLanguage: Russian\r\nCollection barcode: XJLAS RU 70019320\r\n
", "ds_process_way": "This book is the collection of the Documentation and Information Center of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Center). The center has stored the book electronically and has been recognized by OCR. The data processing process is in accordance with the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\", and fully complies with the data information of \"Climate Resources in Parts of Central Regions of Europe of the Soviet Union and Their Utilization in Agricultural Production\" without modification or deletion.\r\n
", "ds_quality": "The collected \"Climate Resources in Parts of Central Regions of Europe of the Soviet Union and Their Utilization in Agricultural Production\" were electronically processed and processed. In accordance with the requirements of the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\", the data information of \"Climate Resources in Parts of Central Regions of Europe of the Soviet Union and Their Utilization in Agricultural Production\" was not changed and deleted, and the data quality was reliable.\r\n
", "ds_acq_place": "Soviet Union", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_format": "PDF format", "ds_projection": "no", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_time_res": "" } }, "license_type": null, "doi_reg_from": "reg_local", "cstr_reg_from": "reg_local", "doi_not_reg_reason": null, "cstr_not_reg_reason": null, "is_paper_in_submitting": false, "ds_topic_tags": [ "排水", "气候", "水库", "灌溉", "农田防护林" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "农业气象学与农业气候学" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "苏联" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 1956 ], "ds_contributors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_meta_authors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_managers": [ "文献信息中心" ], "category": "图书" }