山地占据着全球许多地区的广大面积，蕴藏着巨大的财富——矿物原料、水力资源和森林。然而，尽管现代技术水平很高，但在开发山地时仍会遇到相当大的困难。\n历史经验表明，在山地范围内，山间盆地最有利于开发。它们拥有相当面积平坦的地形，并且通常具有比周围山坡更为干燥和温暖的气候。平坦的地形便于建设、铺设道路和发展农业；较多的热量为获得喜温作物的高产提供了可能；而径流的集中则简化了供水系统的组织。正因如此，山间盆地，特别是在温暖的自然地带，早已被人类开发利用。在荒漠和半荒漠地区，许多盆地因其山坡上流下的河流使得组织供水相对容易，而成为最大的农业中心（例如费尔干纳盆地）。在草原和森林草原地带的山地，山间盆地中的土地资源以及与构造凹陷相关的、伴随长期沉积作用形成的矿藏（例如坎斯克、库兹涅茨克等盆地的烟煤或褐煤）常被几乎同时开发。\n在山地泰加林地区，对盆地产生兴趣的最初阶段，同样首先是由于其更广阔的农业可能性（上安加拉盆地、穆亚盆地、阿马林加山间洼地等）。然而，这种开发要达到较大规模，只有在那些不仅自然条件、而且经济地理环境（例如靠近采矿企业）也支持封闭式开发的盆地中才得以实现。\n目前，对于西伯利亚大部分山地泰加林区域——其相当一部分根据经济地理特征的综合情况属于近北地区（斯洛文，1961年）——其开发过程的特点是与获取新的、大规模的初级工业价值来源（如矿产资源、水电等）相关联（波金舍夫斯基，1960年）。在此过程中，常常不得不面对矿床位于山脊陡坡、狭窄峡谷之中的情况，那里很难找到为建造现代化选矿厂、建筑工业企业、工人新村以及发展农业基地所必需的建设场地。正因如此，注意力转向了附近的山间盆地。\n小型工业中心及与采矿业相关的居民点向盆地靠拢的趋势，在加拿大（British Columbia, 1956）和美国（例如阿拉斯加）的山地地区也表现得十分明显。\n山间盆地的广泛分布对于外贝加尔地区而言也极具特征性，并在泰加林-秃峰林立的斯塔诺沃耶高地上表现得尤为突出（图1）。与许多其他山地地区一样，这里首先被定居和开发的是大型盆地——上安加拉盆地、穆亚盆地和恰拉盆地，这首先是因为它们具有更有利于农业的条件，而农业的发展又与瓦尔古津泰加林和勒拿泰加林金矿的开发密切相关。因此，高地上的大型盆地比小型盆地研究得好得多（尽管也远非完全）。已进行的研究表明，小型盆地除了具有所有盆地自然条件的共同特征外，还有一系列自身特点。通常，它们的特点是松散沉积层厚度较小、某些堆积过程的活跃性较低、以及一系列气候和其他方面的特点（亚历山德罗娃，1963年）。\n近年来，在斯塔诺沃耶高地发现了具有工业价值的矿藏。因此，自然提出了在矿床附近建设的问题。在切割强烈的陡坡和狭窄的冰川谷中找到足够的建设用地极其困难。大型盆地常常距离矿床数十公里之遥。而众多广泛散布在整个高地、通常距离矿床相对不远的小型盆地，开始特别引起勘探和设计人员的关注。因此，研究高地上小型盆地自然特征的问题具有重大的实际意义。\n尽管在盆地地质学（较少在气候学）研究方面取得了进展，但大多数盆地和山地地区的研究仍然不足。与此同时，当前开发利用矿产资源的工作以高速度进行，这要求在短期内完成预先的科学调查。相应地，上述情况决定了对研究自然条件综合体的合理方法论问题给予更多关注的必要性。\n规划设计前期阶段自然地理研究的远景方法之一是景观（自然综合体）制图。另一个重要方向是广泛引入定量特征和材料分析的定量方法，这与实践需求相关。这两个方向并非彼此孤立，也并非孤立于其他研究方法，这促使我们在进行中山地泰加林地区自然综合体中等比例尺制图与研究的实验时，同时阐明自然地理研究方法论的一系列原则性问题。其中最重要的是关于比较方法与制图法、定量法以及样带法之间联系的问题。\n研究的对象是位于赤塔州卡拉尔区维季姆河右岸支流卡塔尔河流域、具有实际意义的小型盆地。在上卡拉尔盆地已知有煤矿床（孔采韦茨，1958年）和钛磁铁矿化点（列别杰夫，1962年）。中卡拉尔盆地拥有适宜农耕的土地，其获得的大量热量也有利于农业发展；此处也发现了煤矿床（卡里耶夫等，1959年）。\n本工作基于苏联科学院西伯利亚分院外贝加尔研究所和苏联科学院地理研究所自然地理考察队于1961年7月至8月进行的野外调查材料。考察队成员除作者外，还包括采集员 M. 孔加尔、V. 布德涅夫、V. 鲁缅采夫，以及“曙光”集体农庄的驯鹿牧民 N. 乌尔瓦诺夫、P. 加贝舍娃和 A. 基尔皮亚洛夫。同时使用了苏联科学院地理研究所自然地理考察队1957年（科研人员 V. S. 普列奥布拉任斯基和 L. I. 穆希娜）的调查数据。
", "ds_source": "作者（编委会）：Т. Д.亚历山德罗娃（Т. Д. Александрова）В. С.普列奥布拉任斯基（В. С. Преображенский）\n出版社：Издательство «Наука»\n出版地：莫斯科\n出版年：1964年\n页数：87页\n语种：俄文\n分类号：УДК 550.81（571.5）\n馆藏条形码：XJLAS RU 70001868
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", "ds_acq_start_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "苏联", "ds_acq_lon_east": null, "ds_acq_lat_south": null, "ds_acq_lon_west": null, "ds_acq_lat_north": null, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "login-access", "ds_total_size": 41017057, "ds_files_count": 1, "ds_format": "PDF格式", "ds_space_res": "无", "ds_time_res": "无", "ds_coordinate": "无", "ds_projection": "", "ds_thumbnail": "9c1ef836-0ac6-4950-b4a3-7097af9e94f4.png", "ds_thumb_from": 0, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "a5877b42-96ea-4f13-af7e-246f355413d6", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "170.4510" ], "quality_level": 1, "publish_time": "2026-09-11 19:33:48", "first_publish_time": null, "last_updated": "2026-09-24 13:15:25", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "33110.11.ariddc.02305", "license": null, "extra": null, "files_shape": [ { "name": "202508050001（XJLASRU70001868）双层.pdf", "size": 41017057, "is_dir": false } ], "features": null, "data_level": 0, "i18n": { "en": { "title": "Small basin landscape in mountainous coniferous forest area", "ds_abstract": "Mountain regions occupy vast areas in many parts of the world and contain enormous wealth in the form of mineral resources, hydropower potential, and forests. However, despite the high level of modern technology, the development of mountainous areas continues to encounter considerable difficulties.\r\n\r\nHistorical experience has shown that intermontane basins are the most favorable locations for development within mountain regions. They possess relatively extensive flat terrain and generally enjoy a drier and warmer climate than the surrounding mountain slopes. Flat relief facilitates construction, road building, and agricultural development; greater heat resources make it possible to obtain high yields of thermophilic crops; and the concentration of runoff simplifies the organization of water-supply systems. For these reasons, intermontane basins, especially those located in warm natural zones, have long been inhabited and utilized by humans. In desert and semi-desert regions, many basins have become major agricultural centers because rivers descending from surrounding slopes make water supply relatively easy to organize, as exemplified by the Fergana Basin. In mountainous steppe and forest-steppe regions, the land resources of intermontane basins and mineral deposits associated with tectonic depressions and long-term sedimentary processes, such as the hard coal and lignite deposits of the Kansk and Kuznetsk basins, have often been developed almost simultaneously.\r\n\r\nIn the mountain taiga regions, interest in intermontane basins initially arose for similar reasons, namely their broader agricultural potential, as seen in the Upper Angara Basin, the Muya Basin, and the Amaringa intermontane depression. However, large-scale development became possible only in those basins where not only natural conditions but also the economic-geographical environment, such as proximity to mining enterprises, favored concentrated settlement and exploitation.\r\n\r\nAt present, the development of most mountain taiga regions of Siberia, a considerable portion of which belongs to the Near North according to a combination of economic-geographical characteristics (Slovin, 1961), is characterized by the exploitation of new, large-scale primary industrial resources, including mineral deposits and hydropower potential (Pokshishevsky, 1960). In this process, developers frequently encounter situations where mineral deposits are located on steep mountain slopes or within narrow gorges. Under such conditions it is difficult to find suitable sites for modern concentrating plants, industrial enterprises, workers’ settlements, and agricultural support bases. Consequently, attention has increasingly shifted to nearby intermontane basins.\r\n\r\nThe tendency for small industrial centers and mining-related settlements to gravitate toward intermontane basins is also clearly evident in mountainous regions of Canada (British Columbia, 1956) and the United States, particularly Alaska.\r\n\r\nThe widespread occurrence of intermontane basins is likewise a distinctive feature of Transbaikalia, especially within the taiga and goltsy-dominated Stanovoy Highlands (Fig. 1). As in many other mountain regions, the large basins, namely the Upper Angara, Muya, and Chara basins, were settled and developed first because they offered more favorable conditions for agriculture. Agricultural development, in turn, was closely connected with the exploitation of gold deposits in the Barguzin and Lena taiga regions. Consequently, the large basins of the highlands have been studied much more thoroughly than the smaller ones, although even they remain far from completely investigated. Existing studies have shown that, in addition to possessing features common to all intermontane basins, small basins exhibit a number of specific characteristics. These generally include thinner unconsolidated sedimentary deposits, lower activity of certain accumulation processes, and a variety of climatic and other distinctive traits (Alexandrova, 1963).\r\n\r\nIn recent years, economically significant mineral resources have been discovered in the Stanovoy Highlands. This has naturally raised the issue of construction in the vicinity of mineral deposits. It is extremely difficult to find adequate construction sites within deeply dissected steep-sloped terrain and narrow glacial valleys. Large basins are often located dozens of kilometers from the deposits. In contrast, the numerous small basins scattered throughout the highlands, usually situated relatively close to mineral occurrences, have begun to attract particular attention from exploration specialists and planners. Thus, the study of the natural characteristics of small basins within the highlands has considerable practical importance.\r\n\r\nAlthough progress has been achieved in geological, and to a lesser extent climatic, studies of intermontane basins, most basins and mountain regions remain insufficiently investigated. At the same time, mineral-resource development is proceeding rapidly, creating a need for preliminary scientific surveys to be completed within short timeframes. Accordingly, these circumstances necessitate increased attention to methodological issues associated with integrated studies of natural-environment complexes.\r\n\r\nOne of the most promising methods for physical-geographical investigations during the pre-planning and design stage is landscape (natural-complex) mapping. Another important direction is the extensive application of quantitative characteristics and quantitative methods of data analysis in response to practical needs. These two approaches are not isolated from one another, nor from other research methods. This circumstance prompted us, while conducting experimental medium-scale mapping and investigation of natural complexes in a middle-mountain taiga region, to address a number of fundamental methodological questions in physical geography. Of particular importance is the relationship among comparative methods, cartographic methods, quantitative methods, and the transect approach.\r\n\r\nThe study area consists of small intermontane basins of practical significance located within the basin of the Katal River, a right-bank tributary of the Vitim River in the Kalarsky District of Chita Oblast. Coal deposits (Kontsevets, 1958) and occurrences of titanomagnetite mineralization (Lebedev, 1962) are known in the Upper Kalar Basin. The Middle Kalar Basin contains land suitable for cultivation, and its substantial heat resources are favorable for agricultural development. Coal deposits have also been identified there (Kariev et al., 1959).\r\n\r\nThis work is based on field materials collected during investigations conducted from July to August 1961 by the Physical Geography Expedition of the Transbaikal Research Institute of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In addition to the author, the expedition included collectors M. Kongar, V. Budnev, and V. Rumyantsev, as well as reindeer herders N. Ulvanov, P. Gabesheva, and A. Kirpiyalov from the “Zarya” collective farm. Data obtained by the Physical Geography Expedition of the Institute of Geography in 1957, conducted by researchers V. S. Preobrazhensky and L. I. Mukhina, were also utilized.", "ds_source": "Author (Editorial Board): ④.Д. AlexandrovaД.Александрова）В.С. Pleobrazhinsky (А н и В.С.Преображенский）\r\nPublished by: 丨 зда тельство « 丨 аука»\r\nPublished: Moscow\r\nPublication year: 1964\r\nPages: 87 pages\r\nLanguage: Russian\r\nClassification No.: У п К 550.81 (571.5)\r\nCollection barcode: XJLAS RU 70001868", "ds_process_way": "This book is the collection of the Documentation and Information Center of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Center). The center has stored the book electronically and has been recognized by OCR. The data processing process is in accordance with the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\", fully complying with the data information of \"Small Basin Landscape in Mountainous Coniferous Forests\" without modification or deletion.", "ds_quality": "The collected \"Small Basin Landscape in Mountainous Coniferous Forests\" was electronically processed. In accordance with the requirements of the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Code for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\",\"Small Basin Landscape in Mountainous Coniferous Forests\" was unchanged and deleted. The data information of \"Small Basin Landscape in Mountainous Coniferous Forests\" is of reliable quality.", "ds_acq_place": "Soviet Union", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_format": "PDF format", "ds_projection": "", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_time_res": "" } }, "license_type": null, "doi_reg_from": "reg_local", "cstr_reg_from": "reg_local", "doi_not_reg_reason": null, "cstr_not_reg_reason": null, "is_paper_in_submitting": false, "ds_topic_tags": [ "比较地理学", "自然综合体" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "自然地理学" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "中亚" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 1964 ], "ds_contributors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_meta_authors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_managers": [ "文献信息中心" ], "category": "图书" }