“沙漠、沙漠地带、沙漠地区”这些概念至今仍未得到足够明确的界定。然而，大多数科学家一致认为，沙漠并非无生命的地区，那里栖息着多种多样的生物体，不仅有低等生物，还有高等植物、爬行动物和大型哺乳动物。人类也在沙漠中生活并积极开展活动。沙漠分为北方沙漠、南方沙漠和高山沙漠。本书探讨的是南方沙漠的造林问题。这些沙漠的特点是空气和地表温度波动幅度大、大气降水量少（低于300毫米）、空气相对湿度低，并拥有最大的热量和太阳辐射。\n沙漠中也有森林，尽管它们非常独特：稀疏、低矮且几乎没有树荫。主要成林树种是白梭梭和黑梭梭。例如，在乌兹别克斯坦的沙漠中，白梭梭林占地127.4万公顷，黑梭梭林占地36.96万公顷。白梭梭林的面积在土库曼斯坦和哈萨克斯坦尤其广阔。白梭梭同化枝中蛋白质含量高达20.3%，蛋白质14.1%，脂肪2.6%，纤维素含量高达60.8%。沙漠梭梭植物量的生产力不高，为每公顷20至50立方米。河漫滩（图盖）林地中，每公顷有林地的平均蓄积量仅为32立方米，年生长量为2立方米。其他沙漠植物（例如琵琶柴、猪毛菜、盐爪爪、柽柳等）的生产力则更低。如此低的生产力首先是由林木生长条件决定的：土壤贫瘠（常常盐渍化）、流沙以及极少的降水量（80至200毫米）。沙漠草场的可食植被储量也很低，每公顷仅能积累2至4公担干物质。然而，通过实施沙漠草场的林业改良措施，其生产力可以显著提高。这些草场变得多层化，能生产更多的可食物质，并且（这一点尤为重要）适合全年利用。通过栽种灌木和半灌木进行改良、并用乔木树种或树状灌木林带加以保护的沙漠草场，即使在冬季也能被牲畜有效利用。在牧场防护林带系统中放牧，在组织管理上也更加简便。在森林林带和绿色“伞盖”保护下饲养的牲畜，其存活率更高，生产力也更强。\n书中利用了全苏农林改良研究所、中亚林业研究所和土库曼斯坦科学院沙漠研究所完成的科研成果，以及全苏卡拉库尔绵羊研究所、哈萨克林业研究所、苏联科学院森林学实验室、乌兹别克斯坦科学院植物研究所等许多机构已发表的材料。\n在书籍准备过程中，作者得到了全苏列宁农业科学院院士B.B.维诺格拉多夫、全苏列宁农业科学院通讯院士A.B.阿尔宾斯基、农业科学博士H.Φ.库利克、Φ.M.卡西亚诺夫、З.Ш.沙姆苏季诺夫，生物学博士Л.E.罗金，土库曼斯坦科学院院士H.T.涅恰耶娃及其他许多人的帮助和咨询，作者对此表示衷心的感谢。\n前言、第2章、第4章第8节、参考文献目录以及书中出现的植物俄文和拉丁文名称索引由生物学博士Г.П.奥佐林编写。第1章由地理学博士А.Г.巴巴耶夫和地理学副博士Н.С.奥尔洛夫斯基撰写；第3章由农业科学副博士Н.Е.科克沙罗娃、В.В.丘欣娜和В.М.萨哈茨基撰写；第4章（除第8节外）由林业工程师М.Я.帕尔费诺夫撰写；第5章由农业科学博士А.И.莫尔恰诺娃撰写。
", "ds_source": "作者（编委会）：Г.П.奥佐林娜（Г.П. Озолина）\n出版社：Агропромышленное издательство\n出版地：莫斯科\n出版年：1985年\n页数：231页\n语种：俄文\n分类号：УДК 630*114.462\n馆藏条形码：XJLAS RU 70009969
", "ds_process_way": "本书为中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所文献信息中心（以下简称中心）馆藏文献，中心将本书电子化后存储，已经过OCR识别，数据加工过程依据国家标准《GB/T 31219.2-2014图书馆馆藏资源数字化加工规范》，完全遵照《沙漠造林》的数据信息，未改动删减。
", "ds_quality": "对收集到的《沙漠造林》进行电子化加工处理，按照国家标准《GB/T 31219.2-2014图书馆馆藏资源数字化加工规范》要求，未改动删减《沙漠造林》的数据信息，数据质量可靠。
", "ds_acq_start_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "苏联", "ds_acq_lon_east": null, "ds_acq_lat_south": null, "ds_acq_lon_west": null, "ds_acq_lat_north": null, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "apply-access", "ds_total_size": 108198466, "ds_files_count": 1, "ds_format": "PDF格式", "ds_space_res": "无", "ds_time_res": "无", "ds_coordinate": "无", "ds_projection": "无", "ds_thumbnail": "90200779-1e92-454d-a431-72eb8a792122.png", "ds_thumb_from": 0, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "a5877b42-96ea-4f13-af7e-246f355413d6", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "180.5165" ], "quality_level": 1, "publish_time": "2026-09-10 20:00:46", "first_publish_time": null, "last_updated": "2026-09-10 20:00:46", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "33110.11.ariddc.02226", "license": null, "extra": null, "files_shape": [ { "name": "202507160001（XJLASRU70009969）双层.pdf", "size": 108198466, "is_dir": false } ], "features": null, "data_level": 0, "i18n": { "en": { "title": "desert afforestation", "ds_abstract": "This collection of essays is devoted to practical issues in contemporary glaciology. Issues such as solar radiation on the surface of glaciers and the temperature coefficient of ice melting were discussed. This paper analyzes the status, material balance and runoff of glaciers in the Tonggukesu River Basin during the International Decade of Hydrology, and provides data on glacier runoff in rivers in the Yili River Basin. Glaciation in the Kunga Aratau Mountains, which has not been fully studied, is described. The topic of establishing a comprehensive automated avalanche information system was studied and the possibility of predicting new snowfall avalanches was evaluated.\r\nThis book is aimed at glaciologists, hydrologists, climatologists, geographers and college students, as well as experts who study alpine regions and participate in their economic development.", "ds_source": "Author (Editorial Board): 丨.П. Ozzorina (丨.П.Озолина）\r\nPublished by: Агр опр омы л е н н о е изда т е льство\r\nPublished: Moscow\r\nPublication year: 1985\r\nPages: 231 pages\r\nLanguage: Russian\r\nClassification No.: У п К 630*114.462\r\nCollection barcode: XJLAS RU 70009969", "ds_process_way": "This book is the collection of the Documentation and Information Center of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Center). The center has stored the book electronically and has been recognized by OCR. The data processing process is in accordance with the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\", fully complying with the data information of \"Desert Afforestation\" without modification or deletion.", "ds_quality": "The collected \"Desert Afforestation\" was processed electronically. In accordance with the requirements of the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Code for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\", the data information of \"Desert Afforestation\" was not changed and deleted, and the data quality was reliable.", "ds_acq_place": "Soviet Union", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_format": "PDF format", "ds_projection": "no", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_time_res": "" } }, "license_type": null, "doi_reg_from": "reg_local", "cstr_reg_from": "reg_local", "doi_not_reg_reason": null, "cstr_not_reg_reason": null, "is_paper_in_submitting": false, "ds_topic_tags": [ "防护林营造", "荒漠林业改良" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "植物地理学" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "苏联" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 1985 ], "ds_contributors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_meta_authors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_managers": [ "文献信息中心" ], "category": "图书" }