在《苏联自然条件与自然资源》系列丛书的15个区域卷中，唯有本卷是完整地献给一个加盟共和国——哈萨克斯坦的。\n过去的哈萨克斯坦主要居住着游牧民，他们生活艰苦，完全依赖于反复无常的自然。一次“朱特”（例如，因冰壳导致的饲料断绝）就能导致数百万头羊只死亡，并使数十万人陷入饥饿与死亡。哈萨克斯坦的广袤地域曾长期未经充分考察，因为骑马穿越这些无路缺水的地区需要数月时间。直到头几个五年计划之后，当铁路干线（突厥斯坦-西伯利亚铁路、彼得罗巴甫洛夫斯克-巴尔喀什线）贯通共和国，新的工业中心——卡拉干达、巴尔喀什、杰兹卡兹甘等许多城市得以建立，情况才发生改变。国家变得面目一新，不仅是其面貌，连其人民也焕然一新。在识字率曾不足3%的地方，成长起了一支庞大的民族知识分子队伍。在这个曾被认为矿产资源前景黯淡的共和国，如今已开采门捷列夫周期表中的几乎所有元素，并且其中许多元素都富集在储量独特的矿床中。然而，自然界依然那般诡谲莫测，但人类对其认知已然改变，在现代条件下，我们得以以新的方式与之斗争并加以利用。\n迄今为止，关于哈萨克斯坦自然的科学出版物中，仅有两部综合性著作：一部是苏联科学院地理研究所于1950年出版的《哈萨克斯坦》——这是一部综合自然地理志；另一部是哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国科学院于1952年出版的《哈萨克斯坦自然地理概论》。自它们出版以来，已过去近二十年，在此期间，哈萨克斯坦的经济、人民以及对其的科学认识都经历了巨大的发展，并面临着新的任务。先前的专著仅描述了自然条件，而未涉及自然资源及经济发展的前景。\n本卷由莫斯科、阿拉木图及哈萨克斯坦的研究人员集体编写。全卷的总体指导与编辑工作由 Б. А. 费多罗维奇承担。卷中资源与前景部分的编辑由 О. Р. 纳扎列夫斯基负责。卷的责任秘书是 С. Л. 库舍夫。大部分地图的编制由 Б. А. 费多罗维奇完成。地图清绘由 Е. М. 古里亚尼、Т. П. 格里亚兹诺娃和 С. Л. 库舍夫完成，而地图的修饰与整饰则由苏联科学院地理研究所的工作人员 А. А. 波图洛维奇负责。在卷的编辑工作中，哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国科学院的工作人员——院士 Н. Н. 帕夫洛夫和通讯院士 Г. Ц. 马多耶夫——给予了大力协助。本卷的哈萨克斯坦作者来自哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国科学院下属的植物学、地质学、动物学、土壤学、经济学、能源研究所，地理研究室，水文地质研究室，古湖泊学实验室，以及哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国农业部下属的经济与农业组织研究所、水文气象总局下属的水文气象研究所、哈萨克国立大学、哈萨克师范学院。来自莫斯科的机构，除苏联科学院地理研究所的工作人员外，本卷作者还包括以 М. В. 罗蒙诺索夫命名的莫斯科国立大学、以 В. В. 多库恰耶夫命名的土壤研究所、苏联农业部、苏联地质部的工作人员；来自列宁格勒的作者则有苏联科学院植物研究所的工作人员。上述人士对参与本卷编写工作及其任务目标均表现出极为友好的态度并给予理解，编辑部谨向他们致以深切谢意。遗憾的是，本卷篇幅所限，未能收录最初收到的全部文稿，也未能以应有的完整性阐明关于进一步开发该地区及其地下资源与其他资源、保护与改造其自然的所有紧迫问题。尽管如此，我们仍希望，本卷即使简要，但也阐述了基本问题。
", "ds_source": "作者（编委会）：И. Л. 格拉西莫夫(И. Л. Герасимов),В. С. 普列奥布拉任斯基（В. С. Преображенский）Г. Д. 里希特 (Г. Д. Рихтер)\n出版社：Издательство «Наука»\n出版地：莫斯科\n出版年：1973年\n页数：240页 \n语种：俄文\n分类号：УДК 551.4+338: (574) \n馆藏条形码：XJLAS 00147804
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", "ds_acq_start_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "苏联", "ds_acq_lon_east": null, "ds_acq_lat_south": null, "ds_acq_lon_west": null, "ds_acq_lat_north": null, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "login-access", "ds_total_size": 269131164, "ds_files_count": 1, "ds_format": "PDF格式", "ds_space_res": "无", "ds_time_res": "无", "ds_coordinate": "无", "ds_projection": "无", "ds_thumbnail": "79ab261e-783d-47fc-bdb4-cbb8cf7f52eb.png", "ds_thumb_from": 0, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "a5877b42-96ea-4f13-af7e-246f355413d6", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "170.4520" ], "quality_level": 1, "publish_time": "2026-09-17 13:28:28", "first_publish_time": null, "last_updated": "2026-09-17 13:28:28", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "33110.11.ariddc.02418", "license": null, "extra": null, "files_shape": [ { "name": "202509090004（XJLAS00147804）双层.pdf", "size": 269131164, "is_dir": false } ], "features": null, "data_level": 0, "i18n": { "en": { "title": "Natural Conditions and Natural Resources of the Soviet Union: Kazakhstan Volume", "ds_abstract": "Among the fifteen regional volumes in the series Natural Conditions and Natural Resources of the USSR, this is the only volume devoted entirely to a single Union Republic, namely Kazakhstan.\r\n\r\nIn the past, Kazakhstan was inhabited primarily by nomadic peoples whose lives were harsh and entirely dependent on the caprices of nature. A single zhut (for example, the loss of forage caused by an ice crust covering the pastures) could result in the death of millions of sheep and leave hundreds of thousands of people facing hunger and death. The vast territory of Kazakhstan remained insufficiently explored for a long time, since crossing these roadless and waterless regions on horseback required several months. The situation began to change only after the first Five-Year Plans, when major railway lines, including the Turkestan-Siberian Railway and the Petropavlovsk-Balkhash line, linked the republic, and new industrial centers such as Karaganda, Balkhash, Zhezkazgan, and many other cities were established. The country was transformed beyond recognition; not only its appearance changed, but its people as well. In a land where literacy had once been below three percent, a large national intelligentsia emerged. In this republic, once considered poor in mineral-resource prospects, nearly all elements of Mendeleev's periodic table are now being extracted, and many of them occur in deposits of exceptional richness and reserves. Nature itself remains as unpredictable and enigmatic as ever, but humanity's understanding of it has changed, enabling us under modern conditions both to combat its adverse effects and to utilize its resources in new ways.\r\n\r\nUp to the present, only two comprehensive scientific works on the nature of Kazakhstan have been published. The first is Kazakhstan, issued in 1950 by the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, a comprehensive physical-geographical survey. The second is An Outline of the Physical Geography of Kazakhstan, published in 1952 by the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. Nearly twenty years have passed since these works appeared. During this period, Kazakhstan's economy, its people, and scientific knowledge about the republic have developed tremendously and have confronted new challenges. Earlier monographs described only natural conditions and did not address natural resources or the prospects for economic development.\r\n\r\nThis volume was prepared collectively by researchers from Moscow, Alma-Ata, and other regions of Kazakhstan. The overall supervision and editorial direction of the volume were carried out by B. A. Fedorovich. The section on resources and development prospects was edited by O. R. Nazarevsky. The executive secretary of the volume was S. L. Kushev. Most of the maps were prepared by B. A. Fedorovich. The cartographic drafting was completed by E. M. Guriani, T. P. Gryaznova, and S. L. Kushev, while the finishing and graphic design of the maps were undertaken by A. A. Potulovich of the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.\r\n\r\nIn the editorial work on the volume, important assistance was provided by members of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, particularly Academician N. N. Pavlov and Corresponding Member G. Ts. Madoyev. The Kazakhstan-based contributors to this volume came from the Institutes of Botany, Geology, Zoology, Soil Science, Economics, and Energy; the Department of Geography; the Hydrogeology Department; and the Paleolimnology Laboratory of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. Contributors also represented the Institute of Economics and Agricultural Organization under the Ministry of Agriculture of the Kazakh SSR, the Hydrometeorological Institute of the Main Hydrometeorological Administration, Kazakh State University, and the Kazakh Pedagogical Institute.\r\n\r\nAmong the Moscow-based institutions represented in the authorship, in addition to the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, were Moscow State University named after M. V. Lomonosov, the Soil Science Institute named after V. V. Dokuchaev, the Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR, and the Ministry of Geology of the USSR. Authors from Leningrad included staff members of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.\r\n\r\nAll of these individuals demonstrated great goodwill and understanding toward participation in the preparation of this volume and toward its objectives. The editorial board expresses its sincere gratitude to them. Unfortunately, owing to limitations of space, it was impossible to include all of the manuscripts originally submitted or to discuss with the necessary completeness every urgent issue concerning the further development of the region and of its mineral and other resources, as well as the protection and transformation of its natural environment. Nevertheless, it is our hope that, even in concise form, this volume succeeds in presenting the fundamental issues.", "ds_source": "Author (Editorial Board):.Л. GerasimovЛ.Герасимов),В.С. Pleobrazhinsky (А н и В.С.Преображенский）Г.Д. Richter (丨.Д.Рихтер)\r\nPublished by: 丨 зда тельство « 丨 аука»\r\nPublished: Moscow\r\nPublication year: 1973\r\nPages: 240 pages \r\nLanguage: Russian\r\nClassification No.: У п К 551.4+338: (574) \r\nCollection barcode: XJLAS 00147804", "ds_process_way": "This book is the collection of the Documentation and Information Center of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Center). The center has stored the book electronically and has been recognized by OCR. The data processing process is in accordance with the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Library Collection Resources Digital Processing Specifications\", fully complying with the data information of \"Natural Conditions and Natural Resources of the Soviet Union: Kazakhstan Volume\", without modification or deletion.", "ds_quality": "The collected \"Natural Conditions and Natural Resources of the Soviet Union: Kazakhstan Volume\" was electronically processed. In accordance with the requirements of the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Code for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources,\" the data information of \"Natural Conditions and Natural Resources of the Soviet Union: Kazakhstan Volume\" was not changed and deleted, and the data quality was reliable.", "ds_acq_place": "Soviet Union", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_format": "PDF format", "ds_projection": "no", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_time_res": "" } }, "license_type": null, "doi_reg_from": "reg_local", "cstr_reg_from": "reg_local", "doi_not_reg_reason": null, "cstr_not_reg_reason": null, "is_paper_in_submitting": false, "ds_topic_tags": [ "自然条件", "自然资源开发" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "人文地理学" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "苏联" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 1973 ], "ds_contributors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_meta_authors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_managers": [ "文献信息中心" ], "category": "图书" }