本书是咸海-里海综合考察队著作集，致力于分析中亚最古老的灌溉绿洲之一——阿姆河下游——这一中亚文化古摇篮的土壤改良条件。该地区的广阔平原目前仅部分用于灌溉。这里完全有可能将现有灌溉面积扩大一倍或两倍，从而复兴古代花剌子模国家最大的灌溉区，该区曾因成吉思汗的入侵而遭到破坏。多年来，一直对该地区进行研究，旨在制定详细的灌溉方案。\n本书作者与苏联科学院通讯院士瓦·阿·科夫达一起，多年来领导了咸海-里海综合考察队的活动，其中包括对阿姆河下游土壤改良问题的研究。作者提出的主要问题是，分析在自然过程和长期灌溉影响下，阿姆河古代三角洲土壤、土层和地下水中盐分质量迁移的规律。在这一领域，苏联土壤改良科学揭示了许多非常重要且深刻的过程，这些过程解释了新灌溉的、原先肥沃的土地发生次生盐碱化的原因，并制定了消除这些现象的主要途径。然而，灌溉绿洲范围内的盐分质量迁移过程依赖于如此大量的因素，以至于对于每一个新的灌溉对象，都必须研究当地自然环境的特点，并在此基础上选择最有利、最可靠的调控灌溉地块水盐状况措施的设计方案。在制定消除现有灌溉绿洲土壤盐碱化和沼泽化的方案时，也不得不这样做。\n在阿姆河下游，盐分质量的迁移规律因古代三角洲面积广阔、其形成时代不同、干涸的古河床河道强烈切割、土层层理显著、灌溉文化和灌溉系统时代各异、阿姆河主河道多次改道以及洪水泛滥状况在已形成的三角洲上重现等一系列因素而变得极为复杂。因此，在这些条件下查明水盐质量迁移的一般规律，对于阿姆河下游的灌溉实践具有重要意义。对盐分随地下水迁移及其与土壤和土层相互作用的一般规律的分析，是基于这样的立场进行的，即现代和古代三角洲中累积的盐分的主要来源是阿姆河本身的淡水。在这方面，本书发展了作者关于伏尔加河三角洲土壤和水中盐分的河流成因的观点，以及弗·恩·库宁和瓦·阿·科夫达的观点，他们将地下水、土壤和土层的盐渍化，特别是在卡拉库姆沙漠，视为主要是阿姆河等河水携入盐分的结果。\n书中阐述的一些论点，例如在干燥盐土中盐分可能通过薄膜-毛细管作用从深层地下水中上升，具有讨论性质；对于一系列问题，特别是层状土层中水分的毛细管移动，仅获得了初步的勘探材料。作者希望本书的出版将引起对争议问题的讨论，推动对研究不足的问题进行进一步研究，同时有助于更正确地解决调节该绿洲土壤水盐状况的实际问题。\n根据苏共二十大的指示以及关于发展土库曼、乌兹别克苏维埃社会主义共和国和卡拉卡尔帕克苏维埃社会主义自治共和国棉花种植业的党和政府决议，在阿姆河下游开展的灌溉土地土壤改良改善工作，至今已取得了一定的积极成果。灌溉系统从阿姆河取用的单位灌溉面积水量已显著减少。新建了用于排除多余地下水的集水渠，并改善了旧集水渠网的工作。地下水的排除和盐分随灌溉地块的排出已明显增加。\n执行苏共二十一大关于发展棉花种植业的指示，将要求在阿姆河下游也扩大灌溉面积并改善其土壤改良状况。\n在本著作中，除了作者个人的观察和研究外，还从上述角度利用和综合了于1951-1953年研究该地区的咸海-里海综合考察队多个分队的研究成果。\n书中广泛利用了彼·姆·泽姆斯基及其同事——叶·德·谢尔盖耶娃、勒·姆·茹科娃、尤·普·韦列琴科等人于1951-1953年进行的定点土壤改良研究成果。由苏联科学院通讯院士阿·恩·科斯佳科夫总指导，斯·勒·米尔金、恩·恩·法沃尔内和阿·德·萨瓦连斯基领导的考察队水利经济和水工技术分队提供的材料，使作者能够更准确地考虑灌溉渠道和灌溉对绿洲整体盐分状况动态影响的特点。勒·阿·拉斯托奇金娜、特·弗·扎莫林娜、恩·恩·奥斯特罗夫娜亚、瓦·阿·季莫什金娜、勒·弗·列瓦诺夫斯基、叶·阿·卡林斯基、瓦·伊·阿斯特拉汉采夫、斯·伊·雷布金参与了这些工作。部分使用了苏联科学院湖泊学实验室水文分队的材料，该分队研究了现代三角洲的水文（格·弗·洛帕京和勒·弗·福林）。土壤-植物分队（成员包括恩·恩·巴利采维奇、弗·弗·叶戈罗夫和勒·叶·罗丁）阐明了现代三角洲土壤水盐状况的主要特征。水文化学研究所分队（由格·弗·拉扎列夫领导）提供了阿姆河水文化学的宝贵数据；关于地下水和盐湖水文化学，使用了普通与无机化学研究所物理化学分队（恩·普·卢日娜、叶·弗·卢基扬诺娃）的部分分析材料。在分析流水从三角洲湖泊和灌溉绿洲中带出盐分的问题时，苏联科学院力学研究所水动力学分队的材料（彼·亚·科尼娜、阿·勒·什基里奇）提供了宝贵帮助，该分队研究了从乌兹博伊河床中淋洗盐分的问题。在分析古代三角洲干燥盐土起源问题时，利用了花剌子模考察队（斯·普·托尔斯托夫、勃·弗·安德里安诺夫）以及地貌和古生物分队（阿·斯·凯西、阿·格·埃伯津）的考古资料。水文地质分队（克·弗·菲拉托夫、姆·弗·格罗布科夫）在水文地质填图、分析灌溉渠道对地下水状况和矿化度影响问题方面提供了一系列材料。
", "ds_source": "作者（编委会）：П. А. 列图诺夫 (П. А. Летунов)\n出版社：Издательство академии наук СССР\n出版地：莫斯科\n出版年：1958年\n页数：203页 \n语种：俄文\n馆藏条形码：XJLAS RU 70019796
", "ds_process_way": "本书为中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所文献信息中心（以下简称中心）馆藏文献，中心将本书电子化后存储，已经过OCR识别，数据加工过程依据国家标准《GB/T 31219.2-2014图书馆馆藏资源数字化加工规范》，完全遵照《阿姆河下游地区的土壤改良条件》的数据信息，未改动删减。
", "ds_quality": "对收集到的《阿姆河下游地区的土壤改良条件》进行电子化加工处理，按照国家标准《GB/T 31219.2-2014图书馆馆藏资源数字化加工规范》要求，未改动删减《阿姆河下游地区的土壤改良条件》的数据信息，数据质量可靠。
", "ds_acq_start_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "苏联", "ds_acq_lon_east": null, "ds_acq_lat_south": null, "ds_acq_lon_west": null, "ds_acq_lat_north": null, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "login-access", "ds_total_size": 124911005, "ds_files_count": 1, "ds_format": "PDF格式", "ds_space_res": "无", "ds_time_res": "无", "ds_coordinate": "无", "ds_projection": "无", "ds_thumbnail": "69fc700b-d36a-431a-82f1-f266c5ccc25d.png", "ds_thumb_from": 0, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "a5877b42-96ea-4f13-af7e-246f355413d6", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "210.50" ], "quality_level": 1, "publish_time": "2026-09-03 18:28:12", "first_publish_time": null, "last_updated": "2026-09-03 18:28:12", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "33110.11.ariddc.01978", "license": null, "extra": null, "files_shape": [ { "name": "202510020001(XJLASRU70019796).pdf", "size": 124911005, "is_dir": false } ], "features": null, "data_level": 0, "i18n": { "en": { "title": "Geology and geomorphology of the continental shelf and continental slope", "ds_abstract": "The published works of the Aral Caspian Sea comprehensive investigation team are devoted to analyzing the soil improvement conditions of the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River, one of the oldest irrigation oases in Central Asia, which is the ancient cradle of Central Asian culture. The vast plains of the region are currently only partially used for irrigation. It is entirely possible to double or triple the existing irrigation area, so as to revive the largest irrigation area in ancient khwarazmo, which was damaged by the invasion of Genghis Khan. For many years, research has been carried out in this area to develop a detailed irrigation scheme.\r\nThe author of this book, together with VA akovda, a communication academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, has led the activities of the Aral Caspian Sea comprehensive investigation team for many years, including the study of soil improvement in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River. The main problem raised by the author is to analyze the law of salt mass migration in soil, soil layer and groundwater in the ancient delta of Amu Darya River under the influence of natural process and long-term irrigation. In this field, the Soviet Union's soil improvement science revealed many very important and profound processes, which explained the causes of secondary salinization of newly irrigated and formerly fertile land, and formulated the main ways to eliminate these phenomena. However, the migration process of salt quality in the irrigated oasis depends on so many factors that for each new irrigation object, it is necessary to study the characteristics of the local natural environment, and on this basis, select the most favorable and reliable design scheme for regulating the water and salt status of the irrigated land. We have to do the same when we formulate a plan to eliminate the salinization and swamping of the existing irrigated oasis soil.\r\nIn the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River, the migration law of salt quality is extremely complicated due to a series of factors, such as the vast area of the ancient Delta, the different formation times of the Delta, the strong cutting of the dried ancient river bed, the significant soil layer bedding, the different times of irrigation culture and irrigation system, the repeated diversion of the main river channel of the Amu Darya River, and the recurrence of flood conditions on the formed Delta. Therefore, it is of great significance for the irrigation practice in the lower reaches of Amu Darya River to find out the general law of water and salt mass transfer under these conditions. The analysis of the general law of salt migration with groundwater and its interaction with soil and soil layer is based on the position that the main source of salt accumulated in modern and ancient deltas is the fresh water of Amu Darya River itself. In this regard, the book develops the author's view on the river origin of soil and water salinity in the Volga River Delta, as well as the views of F. n. Kunin and va. a. kovda. They regard the salinization of groundwater, soil and soil layers, especially in the Karakum Desert, as the result of the salt carried by Amu Darya River and other rivers.\r\nSome of the arguments set forth in the book, such as the possibility that salt in dry saline soil may rise from deep groundwater through membrane capillary action, are of a discussive nature; For a series of problems, especially the capillary movement of water in layered soil, only preliminary exploration materials have been obtained. The author hopes that the publication of this book will lead to the discussion of controversial issues, promote the further study of the problem of insufficient research, and help to solve the practical problem of regulating the soil water and salt status in the oasis more correctly.\r\nAccording to the instructions of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the resolutions of the party and government on the development of cotton planting in Turkmenistan, the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic and the Karakal Park Soviet Socialist Autonomous Republic, the soil improvement of irrigated land in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River has achieved some positive results so far. The water volume per unit irrigation area taken by the irrigation system from the Amu Darya River has been significantly reduced. New catchways have been built to remove excess groundwater, and the work of the old catchway network has been improved. The discharge of groundwater and salinity have increased significantly with the discharge of irrigated plots.\r\nThe implementation of the instructions of the 21st National Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on the development of cotton planting industry will require the expansion of irrigation area and improvement of soil improvement in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River.\r\nIn this work, in addition to the author's personal observation and research, the research results of multiple teams of the Aral Caspian Sea comprehensive investigation team studying the region from 1951 to 1953 are also used and integrated from the above perspective.\r\nThe book makes extensive use of the research results of fixed-point soil improvement conducted by Peter M. zemsky and his colleagues, ye de sergeeva, Le M. Zhukova, and Yu P. velecenko from 1951 to 1953. The materials provided by the water economy and hydraulic technology team of the investigation team led by S. Le Mirkin, N. N. favohne and A. de savarenski, under the general guidance of A. N. Kosjakov, academician of the communications Academy of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, enable the author to more accurately consider the characteristics of irrigation channels and the dynamic impact of irrigation on the overall salt status of the oasis. Le a. rastochina, T. v. zamolina, en n. ostrovnaya, VA a. timoshina, Le v. levonovsky, ye a. Kalinsky, VA I. astrahansev, and Si I. rebkin participated in these efforts. Some of the materials of the hydrological team of the laboratory of Limnology of the Soviet Academy of Sciences were used, which studied the hydrology of the modern Delta (G. f. lopagin and L. F. Flynn). The soil plant team (including en en balitsevic, F. v. yegorov and le yerodin) clarified the main characteristics of soil water and salt status in the modern Delta. The team of hydrochemistry Institute (led by G. v. Lazarev) provided valuable data of Amu Darya River culture; For the hydrochemistry of groundwater and salt lakes, some analytical materials from the physical chemistry team of the Institute of general and inorganic chemistry (EN Pu luzina, ye Fu lukiyanova) were used. When analyzing the problem of salt brought by flowing water from Delta lakes and irrigated oases, the materials of the hydrodynamic team of the Institute of mechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (PIA konina, Al shikirich) provided valuable help. The team studied the problem of leaching salt from the Uzbek riverbed. When analyzing the origin of the dry saline soil in the ancient Delta, the archaeological data of the khwarazmo expedition (S. P. tolstov, B. F. andrianov) and the geomorphological and paleontological teams (A. S. Casey, A. g. eberzin) were used. Hydrogeological teams (K. F. Filatov and M. f. grobkov) provided a series of materials in hydrogeological mapping and analysis of the impact of irrigation channels on groundwater conditions and mineralization.", "ds_source": "Author (Editorial Board): Pers.А. Letunov (.А.Летунов)\r\nPublished by: 丨 зд а т ельс тво а к а д еми наук С С С С СР\r\nPublished: Moscow\r\nPublication year: 1958\r\nPages: 203 pages \r\nLanguage: Russian\r\nCollection barcode: XJLAS RU 70019796", "ds_process_way": "This book is the collection of the Documentation and Information Center of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Center). The center has stored the book electronically and has been recognized by OCR. The data processing process is in accordance with the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\", and fully complies with the data information of \"Soil Improvement Conditions in the Lower Amu Darya Area\" without modification or deletion.", "ds_quality": "The collected \"Soil Improvement Conditions in the Lower Reaches of the Amu Darya River\" were electronically processed. In accordance with the requirements of the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Code for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\", the \"Soil Improvement Conditions in the Lower Reaches of the Amu Darya River\" was unchanged and deleted. The data information of the \"Soil Improvement Conditions in the Lower Reaches of the Amu Darya River\" was of reliable quality.", "ds_acq_place": "Soviet Union", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_format": "PDF format", "ds_projection": "no", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_time_res": "" } }, "license_type": null, "doi_reg_from": "reg_local", "cstr_reg_from": "reg_local", "doi_not_reg_reason": null, "cstr_not_reg_reason": null, "is_paper_in_submitting": false, "ds_topic_tags": [ "土壤盐碱化", "灌溉农业" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "土壤学" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "苏联" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 1958 ], "ds_contributors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_meta_authors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_managers": [ "文献信息中心" ], "category": "图书" }