龟裂土及其各类变种在中亚沙漠地区广泛分布，并且在许多情况下构成了适合扩建灌溉系统的土地资源组成部分。例如，在阿姆河古三角洲区域，龟裂土及类似土壤占适宜灌溉土地资源的一半以上。对于土库曼南部和西南部地区，情况也是如此。这里，在毗邻科佩特山的地块上部，主要分布着无需改良的高肥力浅色灰钙土。在更低洼、更靠近海洋和卡拉库姆沙漠的区域，土壤覆盖则以龟裂型土壤和龟裂土为主，其间夹杂着大面积的盐土和部分沙地。在这些地区，龟裂土及类似土壤至少占土壤覆盖的70%。龟裂土也见于卡拉库姆和桑桑的沙地之中。此处的龟裂土黏粒含量极高，常常盐渍化，并且极为紧实（坚硬）。\n开垦和灌溉轻度草甸化土壤并不特别困难。然而，实际上尚不存在龟裂土的改良与开垦方法。显然，在龟裂土分布区发展灌溉农业，需要解决其改良这一复杂问题。\n灌溉农业在龟裂土及类似土壤的经营利用方面经验甚少，尽管就地形条件而言，龟裂土占据的地域绝大多数极其利于发展灌溉。开垦龟裂土面临诸多困难：它们腐殖质含量低，生物活性弱，地表具有一层5-7厘米厚的坚硬结壳，无结构，大部分具有粘重的粘土机械组成，常常盐渍化，碱度值偏高，且常含有一定量的游离苏打和碳酸镁，吸附复合体中存在交换性钠；龟裂土透水性极差，大气降水和灌溉水滞留于地表，难以渗入下层。因此，龟裂土的生物学、化学和水物理特性极不利于农作物栽培。\n灌溉农业为集体农庄和国营农场提供了淡水这一重要手段，以消除改良和开垦龟裂土的主要障碍——这些地区的缺水问题。\n与此同时，强大的农业技术和其他手段也能提供帮助，使龟裂土及类似土壤能够进行深翻、松土、化学、物理机械和生物改良等。\n然而，必须明确指出，科学界尚未制定出经过验证的、用于根本性改良龟裂土及类似土壤的改良及农业技术措施体系。研究龟裂土的成因和类型以及其低肥力原因的必要性长期被低估，至今我们还没有公认的龟裂土成因理论。这些土壤的分类和系统研究甚少，其季节性动态未知，生物学数据匮乏。\n值得注意的是，在土库曼相对和绝对更古老的高平原上，龟裂土缺失或极其罕见。在这些地表，土壤覆盖以灰棕色土或灰钙土为主。龟裂土也不见于受洪水和地下水影响的年轻泛滥-三角洲沉积物上。此处的土壤覆盖通常是草甸土和草甸-盐土型河岸林土。这有理由推测，中亚西南部极端干旱区土壤覆盖的龟裂阶段与整个景观的历史相关，并且仅在特定的条件下，当水成草甸-草甸和盐渍化过程被荒漠-草原过程替代时才会出现。然而，我们对于龟裂成土过程的产生、发展和更替阶段，仍未有清晰的图景。\n现有的地理资料表明，龟裂形成过程是土库曼绝大多数平原地区的典型特征。不仅如此，它们对整个中亚最干旱的地区也具有代表性，是这里一种独特的地理现象（地带、省份）。在中亚西南部，几乎所有类型的现代沉积物都可能覆盖上龟裂结壳（致密且不透水）。可以观察到龟裂型土壤和龟裂土在黏土、壤土和沙土上的形成，这些物质是河流、坡积和吹扬沉积物或古冲积-洪积物的产物。古老的土坯建筑遗迹、坍塌的院墙也常覆盖着龟裂型结壳。龟裂型结壳形成的迹象可见于科佩特山的浅色荒漠灰钙土以及阿姆河和阿特列克河古三角洲的盐土上。然而，时至今日，我们仍无法充分解释龟裂形成现象如此广泛分布的原因。\n同样，也未能充分揭示导致龟裂土肥力极低的一系列原因。显然，旨在根本性改良龟裂土的改良及农业技术措施体系，应包含：冲洗龟裂土盐分、消除其高碱度、破坏结壳、增施有机质、通过增加土壤中微生物和宏观动物区系及植物区系的数量和物种多样性来实现土壤的生物活化、创造有农学价值的团粒结构以及根本性改善其水物理性质。\n比较地理观察使我们推测，龟裂土的自然演化方向是向被子植物定殖以及形成灰棕色土，在某些情况下形成灰钙土。龟裂土的演化过程常由其表面出现沙质沉积物所引发，并伴随着高等植物在土壤中定殖。这些植物积累有机质并通过根系作用于土壤，导致龟裂土逐渐失去其特有特征，肥力随之提高。\n存在一些虽为数不多但成功开垦龟裂土用于农业的案例。灌溉、掺沙、施用墙土、播种牧草以及系统性的高质量耕作，使得龟裂土得以逐步改善。此类例子见于西南土库曼、穆尔加布河和捷詹河地区，以及卡拉卡尔帕克。\n所有这些都表明，龟裂土目前的不毛之地状态是相对的，是可以被克服的。\n现有的科学资料（尽管有限）、实验室试验以及集体农庄的生产经验均证明，龟裂土的改良和开垦问题是完全可以解决的。\n本书作者团队的任务是批判性地审视和总结现有的关于龟裂土起源、描述其特性的科学文献资料、实验和生产材料，以及改良方法。本项集体工作的主要材料，是苏联科学院生产力研究委员会下属咸海-里海综合考察队中多个科研院所的科研人员，在土库曼南部和西南部地区以及部分阿姆河下游地区，进行为期三年的龟裂土野外路线调查和定点研究所取得的科学成果。\n龟裂土研究由土壤研究所、植物研究所、动物研究所、水化学研究所、湖泊学实验室、苏联科学院生产力研究委员会和列宁格勒国立大学的工作人员进行。这些研究的科学指导是瓦·阿·科夫达。\n作者们清楚地意识到，三年的考察和定点研究不足以彻底解决龟裂土起源和开垦这一复杂问题。\n同时，他们也认识到，过去15年来，文献中未出现任何一部综合探讨龟裂土起源、特性及改良方法的著作。那些在开垦包含龟裂土的土地时编制灌溉系统方案的设计者们，因此而处于非常困难的境地。然而，此类新建灌溉系统的建设已在实施，在这些地区大面积开垦龟裂土及类似土壤用于农业，已成为一个迫切的问题。\n因此，尽管承认现有材料尚不充分，本书作者仍认为有必要将其整理成一定的体系，并阐述关于龟裂土起源和特性的基本理论观点，以及其改良和开垦的基本原则。\n研究结果以集体专著形式出版，共分四部分：第一部分探讨龟裂土的分布和形成问题；第二部分考察植被在龟裂土演化中的作用；第三部分阐述其最重要特性；最后，第四部分分析龟裂土天然不肥沃的原因，以及关于其改良和农业开垦的研究成果。
", "ds_source": "作者（编委会）：И. В. 秋林， В. А. 科夫达，Е. М. 拉夫连科，Н. И. 巴济列维奇， П. А. 列图诺夫，Л. Е. 罗金，С. А. 舒瓦洛夫（И. В. Тюрин,В. А. Ковда, Е. М. Лавренко,Н. И. Базилевич, П. А. Летунов,Л. Е. Родин, С. А. Шувалов）\n出版社：Издательство академии наук СССР\n出版地：莫斯科\n出版年：1956年\n页数：734页 \n语种：俄文\n馆藏条形码：XJLAS RU 70020125
", "ds_process_way": "本书为中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所文献信息中心（以下简称中心）馆藏文献，中心将本书电子化后存储，已经过OCR识别，数据加工过程依据国家标准《GB/T 31219.2-2014图书馆馆藏资源数字化加工规范》，完全遵照《西土库曼龟裂地及其农业开发途径》的数据信息，未改动删减。
", "ds_quality": "对收集到的《西土库曼龟裂地及其农业开发途径》进行电子化加工处理，按照国家标准《GB/T 31219.2-2014图书馆馆藏资源数字化加工规范》要求，未改动删减《西土库曼龟裂地及其农业开发途径》的数据信息，数据质量可靠。
", "ds_acq_start_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "苏联", "ds_acq_lon_east": null, "ds_acq_lat_south": null, "ds_acq_lon_west": null, "ds_acq_lat_north": null, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "login-access", "ds_total_size": 405541141, "ds_files_count": 1, "ds_format": "PDF格式", "ds_space_res": "无", "ds_time_res": "无", "ds_coordinate": "无", "ds_projection": "无", "ds_thumbnail": "521c52cb-ed9b-468a-bec3-c2f6450fc87e.png", "ds_thumb_from": 0, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "a5877b42-96ea-4f13-af7e-246f355413d6", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "210.50" ], "quality_level": 1, "publish_time": "2026-09-03 18:34:12", "first_publish_time": null, "last_updated": "2026-09-03 18:34:12", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "33110.11.ariddc.01994", "license": null, "extra": null, "files_shape": [ { "name": "202510070001(XJLASRU70020125).pdf", "size": 405541141, "is_dir": false } ], "features": null, "data_level": 0, "i18n": { "en": { "title": "Fractured land in West Turkmenistan and its agricultural development approach", "ds_abstract": "Cracked soil and its varieties are widely distributed in the desert areas of Central Asia, and in many cases constitute a part of land resources suitable for the expansion of irrigation systems. For example, in the ancient Delta region of the Amu Darya River, cracked soil and similar soils account for more than half of the land resources suitable for irrigation. The same is true for the southern and southwestern regions of Turkmenistan. Here, in the upper part of the plot adjacent to the koppet mountain, there are mainly high fertility light gray calcareous soil without improvement. In the lower lying areas closer to the sea and Karakum Desert, the soil cover is dominated by fissured soil and fissured soil, which is mixed with a large area of saline soil and part of sand. In these areas, cracked soil and similar soils account for at least 70% of the soil cover. Fissured soil is also found in the sandy land of Karakum and Sangsang. The cracked soil here has a very high clay content, is often salinized, and is extremely compact (hard).\r\nIt is not particularly difficult to reclaim and irrigate lightly meadow soil. However, in fact, there is no improvement and reclamation method for cracked soil. Obviously, it is necessary to solve the complex problem of improvement to develop irrigated agriculture in the cracked soil distribution area.\r\nIrrigation agriculture has little experience in the management and utilization of cracked soil and similar soils, although in terms of topographic conditions, the vast majority of areas occupied by cracked soil are extremely conducive to the development of irrigation. The reclamation of fissured soil faces many difficulties: they have low humus content, weak biological activity, a layer of hard crust 5-7 cm thick on the surface, no structure, most of which have heavy clay mechanical composition, often salinized, high alkalinity value, and often contain a certain amount of free soda and magnesium carbonate, and there is exchangeable sodium in the adsorption complex; The water permeability of fissured soil is very poor. Atmospheric precipitation and irrigation water are retained on the surface and difficult to penetrate into the lower layer. Therefore, the biological, chemical and hydro physical properties of fissured soil are extremely unfavorable for crop cultivation.\r\nIrrigated agriculture provides collective farms and state farms with fresh water as an important means to eliminate the main obstacle to the improvement and reclamation of cracked soil - the problem of water shortage in these areas.\r\nAt the same time, powerful agricultural technology and other means can also provide help, so that cracked soil and similar soil can be deep ploughed, scarified, chemical, physical machinery and biological improvement.\r\nHowever, it must be clearly pointed out that the scientific community has not yet developed a proven system of improvement and agricultural technology measures for the fundamental improvement of cracked soil and similar soils. The necessity of studying the causes and types of fissured soil and the causes of its low fertility has been underestimated for a long time. So far, we have not recognized the theory of fissured soil genesis. There are few studies on the classification and system of these soils, their seasonal dynamics are unknown, and biological data are scarce.\r\nIt is worth noting that in the relatively and absolutely older high plains of Turkmenistan, cracked soil is missing or extremely rare. On these surfaces, the soil cover is mainly gray brown soil or gray calcareous soil. Fissured soil is also not found on young flood delta sediments affected by floods and groundwater. The soil cover here is usually meadow soil and meadow saline soil riparian forest soil. It is reasonable to speculate that the cracking stage of soil cover in the extreme arid region of Southwest Central Asia is related to the history of the whole landscape, and only occurs when the process of hydro meadow meadow and salinization is replaced by the process of desert grassland under specific conditions. However, we still have no clear picture of the emergence, development and replacement stages of the cracking soil formation process.\r\nThe existing geographical data show that the formation process of crazing is a typical feature of most plain areas in Turkmenistan. Not only that, they are also representative of the driest regions in Central Asia, which is a unique geographical phenomenon (zone, province). In southwestern Central Asia, almost all types of modern sediments may be covered with cracked crusts (dense and impermeable). The formation of fissured soil and fissured soil on clay, loam and sandy soil can be observed, which are the products of fluvial, diluvial and blown sediments or paleo alluvial proluvial sediments. Ancient Adobe architectural relics and collapsed courtyard walls are often covered with cracked crusts. Signs of the formation of crazing crusts can be seen in the light colored desert calcareous soil in the koppet mountains and the saline soil in the ancient delta of the Amu Darya and atlek rivers. However, up to now, we are still unable to fully explain the reason why the crazing phenomenon is so widely distributed.\r\nSimilarly, it failed to fully reveal a series of reasons for the extremely low fertility of fissured soil. Obviously, the improvement and agricultural technology measure system aimed at fundamentally improving the cracked soil should include: washing the salt content of the cracked soil, eliminating its high alkalinity, destroying the crusts, increasing the application of organic matter, realizing the biological activation of the soil by increasing the number and species diversity of microorganisms and macro fauna and flora in the soil, creating the aggregate structure with agronomic value, and fundamentally improving its hydro physical properties.\r\nComparative geographical observations have led us to speculate that the natural evolution direction of fissured soil is to colonize angiosperms and form grayish brown soil, and in some cases form grayish calcareous soil. The evolution process of fissured soil is often triggered by the presence of sandy sediments on its surface, accompanied by the colonization of higher plants in the soil. These plants accumulate organic matter and act on the soil through the root system, resulting in the cracked soil gradually losing its unique characteristics and improving its fertility.\r\nThere are a few cases of successful reclamation of cracked soil for agriculture. Irrigation, sand mixing, wall soil application, grass planting and systematic high-quality tillage have gradually improved the cracked soil. Such examples can be found in the southwest Turkmen, Murgab and jejan River regions, and Karakal park.\r\nAll these show that the current barren land state of the cracked soil is relative and can be overcome.\r\nThe existing scientific data (although limited), laboratory tests and the production experience of collective farms have proved that the improvement and reclamation of cracked soil can be completely solved.\r\nThe task of the authors' team of this book is to critically review and summarize the existing scientific literature, experimental and production materials, and improvement methods on the origin and characteristics of cracked soil. The main material of this collective work is the scientific achievements of scientific researchers from several scientific research institutions in the Aral Caspian Sea comprehensive investigation team under the productivity research committee of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, who have carried out a three-year field route survey and fixed-point research on cracked soil in the southern and southwestern regions of Turkmenistan and parts of the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River.\r\nThe research on fissured soil was carried out by the staff of the Institute of soil research, the Institute of Botany, the Institute of zoology, the Institute of hydrochemistry, the laboratory of Limnology, the productivity research committee of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and the Leningrad National University. The scientific guidance for these studies was VAA kovda.\r\nThe authors are clearly aware that the three-year investigation and fixed-point research are not enough to thoroughly solve the complex problem of the origin and reclamation of fissured soil.\r\nAt the same time, they also realized that in the past 15 years, there has not been any work in the literature that comprehensively discusses the origin, characteristics and improvement methods of fissured soil. The designers who plan irrigation system when reclaiming land containing cracked soil are in a very difficult position. However, the construction of such new irrigation systems has been implemented, and it has become an urgent problem to reclaim large areas of cracked soil and similar soil for agriculture in these areas.\r\nTherefore, although it is acknowledged that the existing materials are not sufficient, the author of this book still believes that it is necessary to sort them into a certain system, and expounds the basic theoretical views on the origin and characteristics of the cracked soil, as well as the basic principles of its improvement and reclamation.\r\nThe research results are published in the form of collective monograph, which is divided into four parts: the first part discusses the distribution and formation of fissured soil; The second part investigates the role of vegetation in the evolution of fissured soil; The third part describes its most important characteristics; Finally, the fourth part analyzes the reasons for the natural unfertility of fissured soil and the research results on its improvement and agricultural reclamation.", "ds_source": "Author (Editorial Board):.В. Qiu Lin, B.А. Kovda, EH.М. Lavrenko, Un.И. Bazilevich,.А. Letunov, PLS.Е. Luo Jin, С.А. Shuvalov.В.Тюрин,В.А.Ковда, Е.М.Лавренко,Н.И.Базилевич, П.А.Летунов,Л.Е.Родин, С.А.Шувалов）\r\nPublished by: 丨 зд а т ельс тво а к а д еми наук С С С С СР\r\nPublished: Moscow\r\nPublication year: 1956\r\nPages: 734 pages \r\nLanguage: Russian\r\nCollection barcode: XJLAS RU 70020125", "ds_process_way": "This book is the collection of the Documentation and Information Center of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Center). The center has stored the book electronically and has been recognized by OCR. The data processing process is in accordance with the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\", and fully complies with the data information of \"West Turkmen Fractured Land and Its Agricultural Development Approaches\" without modification or deletion.", "ds_quality": "The collected \"West Turkmen Fractured Land and Its Agricultural Development Approaches\" were electronically processed. In accordance with the requirements of the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Code for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\",\"West Turkmen Fractured Land and Its Agricultural Development Approaches\" was unchanged and deleted. The data information is of reliable quality.", "ds_acq_place": "Soviet Union", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_format": "PDF format", "ds_projection": "no", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_time_res": "" } }, "license_type": null, "doi_reg_from": "reg_local", "cstr_reg_from": "reg_local", "doi_not_reg_reason": null, "cstr_not_reg_reason": null, "is_paper_in_submitting": false, "ds_topic_tags": [ "龟裂土改良", "干旱区土壤" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "土壤学" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "苏联" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 1956 ], "ds_contributors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_meta_authors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_managers": [ "文献信息中心" ], "category": "图书" }