俄国地理学知识的发展是一个延续数世纪的漫长过程，其特点由俄国历史各个时期形成的历史条件总和所决定。俄国地理学史上最重要的阶段之一是从1725年（即彼得大帝改革实施之时）至18世纪末的时期。这些改革为俄国地理科学的进一步发展奠定了直接基础。仅需指出，在这一时期，除了众多较小的考察队外，还实施了多次对世界地理学史做出重大贡献的大型考察，即第二次堪察加考察队（1733-1743年）、所谓的科学院考察队（1768-1774年），以及И.别林格斯-Г.А.萨雷切夫考察队（1785-1793年）。这些考察工作的成果极大地完善了关于俄罗斯欧洲部分北部及其北极水域、关于西伯利亚的认知，阿留申群岛、阿拉斯加和美洲西北部被发现并开始开发。同一时期，1725年在彼得堡成立的科学院开展活动，成为领导众多地理、经济、民族学和制图工作的科学组织的最重要中心。1725-1800年之所以突出，还因为一系列杰出俄国学者的学术活动（全部或大部分）都属于这一时期，他们的著作丰富了地理学及相关学科的历史。这些年里，В.Н.塔季谢夫、И.К.基里洛夫、Ф.И.索伊莫诺夫继续他们的研究工作。М.В.罗蒙诺索夫的学术活动完全属于这几十年。18世纪上半叶有П.И.雷奇科夫（《奥伦堡地志》作者）、堪察加研究者С.П.克拉申宁尼科夫和Г.В.斯特勒、西伯利亚研究者Г.Ф.米勒在工作，而18世纪下半叶则有科学院考察队的领导人和参与者——院士П.С.帕拉斯、И.И.列别欣、И.А.吉尔德施泰特、Н.Я.奥泽列茨科夫斯基、В.Ф.祖耶夫等人。同一时期开始出版地理性质的期刊以及大量专著。许多学者发表的著作不仅包含对我国广阔区域的综合描述（区域地理类型）和个别居民点、水系等的描述，还包括解释俄罗斯自然特征的科学概括，以及某些理论问题和历史地理学研究。本《概论》仅是我们正在进行的18世纪最后四分之三俄国地理学史研究的第一部分，我们不可能在此对这一时期俄国地理知识做出全面的分析。我们力求仅对1725年至1800年俄国地理学发展的最重要方面和特征给出最一般的简要特征，然后（更详细地）阐述俄国在北冰洋和太平洋及其岛屿和邻近陆地的研究与发现。研究所处时期俄国历史环境允许划分出两个时期——从1725年至60年代中期，以及从60年代中期至18世纪末，因为每个时期地理知识的发展都有其自身特点。我们对第一个时期的关注少于第二个时期，因为这些年的地理研究已在苏联科学家的专门巨著中有所阐述。示意图由А.А.波图洛夫根据我们的材料编制。\n
", "ds_source": "作者（编委会）：А.М.列别杰夫（А.М. Лебедев）\n出版社：Издательство Академии наук СССР\n出版地：莫斯科\n出版年：1957年\n页数：274页 \n语种：俄文\n馆藏条形码：XJLAS RU 70001876\n
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", "ds_acq_start_time": "2025-07-15 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2025-07-15 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "俄罗斯帝国", "ds_acq_lon_east": null, "ds_acq_lat_south": null, "ds_acq_lon_west": null, "ds_acq_lat_north": null, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "apply-access", "ds_total_size": 110136906, "ds_files_count": 1, "ds_format": "PDF格式", "ds_space_res": "无", "ds_time_res": "无", "ds_coordinate": "无", "ds_projection": "", "ds_thumbnail": "47ad6ee1-3f1c-47db-97b5-20866cbc1510.jpg", "ds_thumb_from": 0, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "a5877b42-96ea-4f13-af7e-246f355413d6", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "170.45" ], "quality_level": 1, "publish_time": "2026-09-17 16:45:54", "first_publish_time": null, "last_updated": "2026-09-28 13:03:01", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "33110.11.ariddc.02074", "license": null, "extra": null, "files_shape": [ { "name": "20250715001(XJLASRU70001876).pdf", "size": 110136906, "is_dir": false } ], "features": null, "data_level": 0, "i18n": { "en": { "title": "An Introduction to the History of Geography in Russia in the 18th Century (1725-1800)", "ds_abstract": "The development of geographical knowledge in Russia was a long process extending over several centuries, and its characteristics were determined by the totality of historical conditions that emerged during different periods of Russian history. One of the most important stages in the history of Russian geography was the period from 1725, when the reforms of Peter the Great were being implemented, to the end of the eighteenth century. These reforms laid the direct foundation for the further development of geographical science in Russia.\r\n\r\nIt is sufficient to note that during this period, in addition to numerous smaller expeditions, several major scientific expeditions were carried out that made significant contributions to the history of world geography. These included the Second Kamchatka Expedition (1733-1743), the so-called Academy Expeditions (1768-1774), and the expedition of I. Billings and G. A. Sarychev (1785-1793). The results of these expeditions greatly expanded knowledge of the northern part of European Russia and its Arctic waters, as well as of Siberia. The Aleutian Islands, Alaska, and the northwestern regions of America were discovered and began to be explored and developed.\r\n\r\nDuring the same period, the Academy of Sciences, founded in St. Petersburg in 1725, became the most important scientific center directing numerous geographical, economic, ethnographic, and cartographic studies. The years 1725-1800 are also distinguished by the fact that the scholarly activity of a number of outstanding Russian scientists fell entirely, or for the most part, within this era, and their works enriched the history of geography and related disciplines.\r\n\r\nDuring these years, V. N. Tatishchev, I. K. Kirilov, and F. I. Soymonov continued their research. The entire scientific career of M. V. Lomonosov belongs to these decades. In the first half of the eighteenth century, P. I. Rychkov, author of The Topography of Orenburg, the explorers of Kamchatka S. P. Krasheninnikov and G. W. Steller, and the Siberian scholar G. F. Müller were active. In the second half of the century, the leaders and participants of the Academy Expeditions included Academicians P. S. Pallas, I. I. Lepekhin, I. A. Güldenstädt, N. Ya. Ozeretskovsky, V. F. Zuev, and others.\r\n\r\nDuring the same period, geographical journals and a large number of monographs began to be published. The works of many scholars contained not only comprehensive descriptions of vast regions of the country, individual settlements, river systems, and other geographical features, but also scientific generalizations explaining the characteristics of Russia’s natural environment, as well as studies of theoretical and historical-geographical problems.\r\n\r\nThis Survey represents only the first part of our ongoing study of the history of Russian geography during the last three quarters of the eighteenth century. It is therefore impossible to provide here a complete analysis of Russian geographical knowledge of that era. Our aim is merely to give a general characterization of the most important aspects and features of the development of Russian geography between 1725 and 1800, and then, in greater detail, to examine Russian explorations and discoveries in the Arctic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, their islands, and adjacent lands.\r\n\r\nThe historical conditions of Russia during the period under consideration make it possible to distinguish two phases: from 1725 to the mid-1760s, and from the mid-1760s to the end of the eighteenth century. Each phase possessed its own distinctive characteristics in the development of geographical knowledge. We devote less attention to the first period than to the second, since the geographical research of those years has already been discussed in specialized major works by Soviet scholars. The accompanying schematic map was prepared by A. A. Potulov on the basis of our materials.", "ds_source": "Author (Editorial Board): А.М. Lebedev (А.М.Лебедев）\r\nPublished by: 丨 зд а т ельс тво А к а д еми наук С С С С С СР\r\nPublished: Moscow\r\nPublication year: 1957\r\nPages: 274 pages \r\nLanguage: Russian\r\nCollection barcode: XJLAS RU 70001876\r\n
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