哈萨克斯坦东南部广阔的山前地带近十年来国民经济的发展、城市和其他居民点的增长、人口数量的增加，导致了用水量的大幅上升。实践工作者和科学家们的注意力越来越集中于高山地区，那里形成了国民经济所用河川径流的绝大部分。但更大的科学和实践兴趣则指向冰川——它是干旱时期水文平衡最重要的组成部分之一，此时冰川实际上是夏季月份河流补给（此时需水量最大）的唯一来源。在这样的时期，冰川融水注满灌溉系统，为田野、果园和葡萄园带来生机，保障水电设施和工业企业的工作，以及城乡的供水。\n冰川对于山区的交通和民用建设、林业和农业的发展以及旅游和登山运动也具有一定意义。\n外伊犁阿拉套山脉的冰川面积为510平方公里，总数达466条，相对于整个天山冰川作用而言，分别约占7%和8%。其中聚集了约30立方公里的冰体。尽管规模看似不大，外伊犁阿拉套山脉的冰川作用不仅是径流形成的重要来源，也是研究冰川现代演化、其与外部环境的相互作用、内部物质交换以及解决哈萨克斯坦东南部及邻近地区未来湿润状况发展问题的绝佳实验基地。\n冰川在其状态和规模上不断经历各种变化。冰川沿山谷快速运动，以及冰川水或冰碛阻塞湖泊的溃决，常常引发崩塌、洪水、泥石流，这对山区和山前地区的建设和开发构成威胁。由于冰川状况变化引起的冰川径流波动，在灌溉和水电事业中起着重要作用。\n现代冰川波动发生在人类世自然环境整体变化的背景下，在此期间冰川的规模及其变化曾达到很大的数值和幅度。作为水文对象，冰川受到气候波动的影响，特别是空气温度和湿润状况的波动，这些对冰川的影响最大，并决定了其外部的物质-能量交换。\n外部物质-能量交换的变化反过来又直接影响冰川的内部物质-能量交换。后者研究尚少，只是在最近几年才在这一劳动密集且理论复杂的问题研究上迈出了第一步。\n冰川状况及波动研究的历史充满了具有经典性质的信息，获取这些信息至今仍未失去意义，尽管冰川学中的一系列最新问题，特别是冰川波动机制的研究，无法仅基于这些信息解决。在足够长时间内进行的经典测量，为科学提供了关于冰川长度、面积和体积变化以及运动速度波动的信息。在相对较少的情况下，补充了用于评估冰川物质平衡的数据。此类研究的结果为判断冰川的现代发展、冰川作用与气候的相互关系、地区湿润状况和河流径流的发展趋势、以及由冰川退缩或前进可能导致的灾难性现象等提供了原始材料。\n在国际地球物理年（МГГ）观测结束后，外伊犁阿拉套山脉的研究是根据国际科学水文协会冰雪委员会冰川波动研究计划进行的。\n同时，在“冰川波动”专题框架内，进行了大量艰巨的编目工作，整理了外伊犁、昆格、捷尔斯克伊阿拉套以及哈萨克斯坦境内的中部天山山脉的冰川目录，其结果发表在《苏联冰川目录》的各分册中。\n1965年，冰川波动研究及其在山区冰川代表性流域的编目计划，连同热量、冰和水平衡联合研究计划，被纳入新的国际地球物理项目——国际水文十年（МГД）。全球纬度带（约北纬45°）代表性流域链中包括了图尤克苏山区冰川流域（图1）。各种组织上的不顺和执行人员的不足，使得领导外伊犁阿拉套山脉冰川学研究的哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国科学院地理学部未能及时开始按МГД计划进行观测。然而，在1969年该学部正式按上述计划开展工作之前，已在图尤克苏冰川开展了大量综合研究，使得后来能够全面完成МГД计划。\n就图尤克苏山区冰川流域而言，研究的目的在于研究阿拉木图河流域及其水文平衡组成的状况、与气候因子波动和冰川表面热量平衡相关的河流径流波动、揭示径流随时间形成的规律、以及为了国民经济中水资源利用的利益和为其未来发展获取前景而对地区未来湿润状况进程进行预测。\n根据苏联МГД部门间委员会于1968年5月1日决议批准的苏联山区冰川代表性流域工作总纲，哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国科学院地理学部制定了具体的工作计划。其中划分了两个主要研究综合体：1) 冰川-水文气候研究；2) 冰川-水文物理及结构-岩相研究。每个综合体中包含若干个相互关联的部分，以确保既定任务的完成。\n冰川水文气候综合体所有部分的观测结果，按照所有山区冰川流域采用的报告形式（图式、图表、表格及其编制方法说明、每年水、冰和热量平衡的科学分析），已收录于《苏联МГД山区冰川流域观测资料》[58]。除上述报告外，责任执行人员还根据МГД观测材料发表了一系列科学文章和报告，在这些文献中，所获结果被综合起来，并在现代热状况和大气湿润状况发展以及冰川演化的大背景下进行了探讨。\n本专著的基础是МГД及其相邻年份的材料，这些材料来自国际计划规定的所有问题的观测和研究成果，并已纳入上述冰川水文气候研究综合体。在专著撰写过程中，作者使用了哈萨克共和国水文气象与自然环境监管局（哈萨克УГКС）的资料，特别是1968-1974年间在图尤克苏-2冰川气象站按МГД热量平衡计划进行的七年观测数据。\n专著是在哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国科学院地理学部高级研究员К.Г.马卡列维奇的科学指导和编辑下撰写的。专著各章的作者为哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国科学院地理学部分外伊犁冰川工作组的以下工作人员：\nК.Г.马卡列维奇 — 章节：《流域研究的历史与组织》、《图尤克苏山区冰川流域在山地自然体系中的位置》、《积累》、《复杂覆盖层和冰川的消融》（与Е.Н.维列索夫合著）、《冰川物质平衡及其与气象指标的关系》（与Т.Я.杰尼索娃合著，Е.Н.维列索夫参与）、《山区冰川流域的液体径流与水-冰平衡》、《结论》，Е.Н.维列索夫 — 章节《山区冰川流域和冰川的结构与形态》、《冰川的内部补给和成冰带》，Т.Я.杰尼索娃 — 章节《冰川存在和径流形成的气候条件》，Р.Г.戈洛夫科娃 — 章节《消融期冰川表面的热量平衡》。\n在个别章节的撰写中，П.Ф.沙巴诺夫（第6-10章）积极参与。材料的技术处理和专著准备工作由工作组工作人员А.К.马卡列维奇、Н.Н.科涅娃、Т.М.索科洛娃完成。МГД冰川学部门山区冰川代表性流域工作组主席А.Н.克连克、苏联科学院地理研究所冰川学部工作人员Н.В.达维多维奇及其他同志提出了一些意见和建议
", "ds_source": "作者（编委会）：К. И. 波切库托夫（К. И. Почекутов）\n出版社：Издательство Академии наук СССР\n出版地：列宁格勒\n出版年：1984年\n页数：170页\n语种：俄文\n分类号：УДК 556.124.43\n馆藏条形码：XJLAS RU 70020919
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", "ds_acq_start_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "苏联", "ds_acq_lon_east": null, "ds_acq_lat_south": null, "ds_acq_lon_west": null, "ds_acq_lat_north": null, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "apply-access", "ds_total_size": 74489508, "ds_files_count": 1, "ds_format": "PDF格式", "ds_space_res": "无", "ds_time_res": "无", "ds_coordinate": "无", "ds_projection": "", "ds_thumbnail": "1db7f66f-ec77-4e28-b798-8c45b2471983.png", "ds_thumb_from": 0, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "a5877b42-96ea-4f13-af7e-246f355413d6", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "170.55" ], "quality_level": 1, "publish_time": "2026-09-11 13:44:53", "first_publish_time": null, "last_updated": "2026-09-23 17:39:43", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "33110.11.ariddc.02253", "license": null, "extra": null, "files_shape": [ { "name": "202507220002（XJLASRU70020919）双层.pdf", "size": 74489508, "is_dir": false } ], "features": null, "data_level": 0, "i18n": { "en": { "title": "Tuyuksu Glacier", "ds_abstract": "During the past decade, economic development in the vast foothill regions of southeastern Kazakhstan, together with the growth of cities and other settlements and the increase in population, has led to a substantial rise in water consumption. The attention of both practitioners and scientists has increasingly focused on the high mountain regions, where the greater part of the river runoff utilized by the national economy is generated. Even greater scientific and practical interest, however, is directed toward glaciers, which constitute one of the most important components of the hydrological balance during dry periods. At such times, glaciers effectively serve as the sole source of river replenishment during the summer months, when water demand reaches its maximum. During these periods, glacier meltwater fills irrigation systems, brings life to fields, orchards, and vineyards, and ensures the functioning of hydroelectric facilities, industrial enterprises, and water supply systems for both urban and rural areas.\r\n\r\nGlaciers are also important for transportation and civil engineering in mountainous regions, for the development of forestry and agriculture, and for tourism and mountaineering.\r\n\r\nThe glaciers of the Trans-Ili Alatau occupy an area of 510 square kilometers and number 466 in total, representing approximately 7% and 8%, respectively, of the glacierization of the entire Tien Shan. These glaciers contain about 30 cubic kilometers of ice. Although their scale may appear modest, the glacierization of the Trans-Ili Alatau is not only an important source of runoff formation but also an excellent natural laboratory for studying contemporary glacier evolution, interactions between glaciers and the external environment, internal mass exchange processes, and the future development of moisture conditions in southeastern Kazakhstan and adjacent regions.\r\n\r\nGlaciers are continually undergoing changes in both their condition and size. The rapid movement of glaciers along valleys, as well as the sudden drainage of lakes dammed by glacier ice or moraines, often triggers landslides, floods, and debris flows, posing a threat to construction and development in both mountain and foothill regions. Variations in glacier runoff caused by changes in glacier conditions are of great importance for irrigation and hydropower development.\r\n\r\nModern glacier fluctuations occur against the backdrop of broader environmental changes during the Anthropocene, a period in which glacier dimensions and their variations have reached significant magnitudes. As hydrological objects, glaciers are affected by climatic fluctuations, especially variations in air temperature and moisture conditions, which exert the greatest influence on glacier behavior and determine their external mass and energy exchange.\r\n\r\nChanges in external mass and energy exchange, in turn, directly affect the internal mass and energy exchange of glaciers. The latter remains comparatively little studied, and only in recent years have the first steps been taken toward investigating this labor-intensive and theoretically complex problem.\r\n\r\nThe history of glacier condition and fluctuation studies contains a wealth of information that retains its scientific value to this day. Nevertheless, a number of modern glaciological problems, especially those concerning the mechanisms of glacier fluctuations, cannot be resolved solely on the basis of these historical data. Long-term classical measurements have provided information on changes in glacier length, area, and volume, as well as fluctuations in flow velocity. In a more limited number of cases, data useful for evaluating glacier mass balance have also been obtained. The results of such investigations serve as a foundation for assessing contemporary glacier development, the relationship between glacierization and climate, trends in regional moisture conditions and river runoff, and the possibility of catastrophic phenomena associated with glacier advance or retreat.\r\n\r\nFollowing the completion of observations during the International Geophysical Year (IGY), research in the Trans-Ili Alatau was conducted in accordance with the glacier fluctuation research program developed by the Commission on Snow and Ice of the International Association of Scientific Hydrology.\r\n\r\nAt the same time, within the framework of the “Glacier Fluctuations” project, extensive and demanding inventory work was carried out. Glacier catalogs were compiled for the Trans-Ili Alatau, Kungey Alatau, Terskey Alatau, and the Central Tien Shan within Kazakhstan, and the results were published in individual volumes of the Catalogue of Glaciers of the USSR.\r\n\r\nIn 1965, the glacier fluctuation research and glacier inventory program for representative mountain glacier basins, together with a coordinated program of heat, ice, and water-balance studies, was incorporated into a new international geophysical initiative, the International Hydrological Decade (IHD). The Tuyuksu Mountain Glacier Basin (Fig. 1) was included in the chain of representative basins located near the global mid-latitude belt (approximately 45° N).\r\n\r\nVarious organizational difficulties and shortages of personnel prevented the Department of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, which directed glaciological investigations in the Trans-Ili Alatau, from beginning observations under the IHD program on time. Nevertheless, before the Department formally commenced work under the program in 1969, extensive integrated studies had already been conducted on the Tuyuksu Glacier, making it possible subsequently to fulfill the IHD program in its entirety.\r\n\r\nFor the Tuyuksu Mountain Glacier Basin, the objectives of the research included investigating the conditions of the Almaty River basin and the components of its hydrological balance; studying runoff fluctuations associated with variations in climatic factors and the heat balance of glacier surfaces; identifying the temporal regularities governing runoff formation; and forecasting future trends in regional moisture conditions for the purposes of water-resource utilization and long-term economic planning.\r\n\r\nIn accordance with the General Program for Work in Representative Mountain Glacier Basins of the USSR, approved by the Interdepartmental Commission of the Soviet IHD on 1 May 1968, the Department of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR developed a detailed research plan. Two principal integrated research programs were established:\r\n\r\nGlacier-hydroclimatic investigations;\r\nGlacier-hydrophysical and structural-petrographic investigations.\r\n\r\nEach program comprised several interrelated components designed to ensure fulfillment of the stated objectives.\r\n\r\nThe results of observations from all sections of the glacier-hydroclimatic program were published in Observation Data from USSR Mountain Glacier Basins within the International Hydrological Decade [58]. These reports followed the standard format adopted for all mountain glacier basins and included diagrams, charts, tables, methodological explanations, and annual scientific analyses of water, ice, and heat balances.\r\n\r\nIn addition to these reports, the responsible investigators published numerous scientific papers and reports based on IHD observations. In these publications, the results were synthesized and discussed in relation to contemporary thermal conditions, changes in atmospheric moisture, and glacier evolution.\r\n\r\nThe present monograph is based on materials collected during the International Hydrological Decade and adjacent years. These materials include observations and research findings covering all topics specified under the international program and incorporated into the glacier-hydroclimatic research complex. During preparation of the monograph, the authors also made use of data from the Kazakhstan Administration for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Kazakh UGKS), particularly the seven-year series of observations conducted between 1968 and 1974 at the Tuyuksu-2 Glacier Meteorological Station under the IHD heat-balance program.\r\n\r\nThe monograph was prepared under the scientific supervision and editorship of Senior Research Scientist K. G. Makarevich of the Department of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR.\r\n\r\nThe chapters were authored by members of the Trans-Ili Glacier Research Group of the Department of Geography:\r\n\r\nK. G. Makarevich: “History and Organization of Basin Research,” “The Position of the Tuyuksu Mountain Glacier Basin within the Mountain Natural System,” “Accumulation,” “Ablation of Debris-Covered and Glacier Surfaces” (with E. N. Vilesov), “Glacier Mass Balance and Its Relationship to Meteorological Indicators” (with T. Ya. Denisova and participation of E. N. Vilesov), “Liquid Runoff and Water-Ice Balance of Mountain Glacier Basins,” and “Conclusions.”\r\n\r\nE. N. Vilesov: “Structure and Morphology of Mountain Glacier Basins and Glaciers,” and “Internal Nourishment of Glaciers and the Firn Zone.”\r\n\r\nT. Ya. Denisova: “Climatic Conditions for Glacier Existence and Runoff Formation.”\r\n\r\nR. G. Golovkova: “Heat Balance of Glacier Surfaces During the Ablation Period.”\r\n\r\nP. F. Shabanov actively participated in the preparation of certain chapters (Chapters 6-10). Technical processing of materials and preparation of the manuscript were carried out by A. K. Makarevich, N. N. Koneva, and T. M. Sokolova.\r\n\r\nA number of valuable comments and recommendations were provided by A. N. Klenk, Chairman of the IHD Glaciology Section Working Group on Representative Mountain Glacier Basins, N. V. Davidovich of the Glaciology Department of the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, and many other colleagues.", "ds_source": "Author (Editorial Board): К.И. Pochekutov (К.И.Почекутов）\r\nPublished by: 丨 зд а т ельс тво А к а д еми наук С С С С С СР\r\nPlace of publication: Leningrad\r\nPublication year: 1984\r\nPages: 170 pages\r\nLanguage: Russian\r\nClassification No.: У п К 556.124.43\r\nCollection barcode: XJLAS RU 70020919", "ds_process_way": "This book is the collection of the Documentation and Information Center of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Center). The center has stored the book electronically and has been recognized by OCR. The data processing process is in accordance with the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\". It fully complies with the data information of \"Tuyuksu Glacier\" without modification or deletion.", "ds_quality": "The collected \"Tuyuksu Glacier\" was processed electronically. In accordance with the requirements of the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\", the data information of \"Tuyuksu Glacier\" was not changed and deleted., the data quality is reliable.", "ds_acq_place": "Soviet Union", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_format": "PDF format", "ds_projection": "", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_time_res": "" } }, "license_type": null, "doi_reg_from": "reg_local", "cstr_reg_from": "reg_local", "doi_not_reg_reason": null, "cstr_not_reg_reason": null, "is_paper_in_submitting": false, "ds_topic_tags": [ "冰川物质平衡", "冰川学" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "水文学" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "苏联" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 1986 ], "ds_contributors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_meta_authors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_managers": [ "文献信息中心" ], "category": "图书" }