小麦是哈萨克斯坦农业中的主要作物。其种植面积约为2000万公顷，其中春小麦超过1600万公顷。因此，共和国的粮食问题主要依靠春小麦的生产来解决。\n党和国家计划进一步强化农业生产，增加产量并提高其稳定性。\n正如苏共中央七月全会（1978年）特别指出的那样，粮食生产仍然是农业工作中的重点环节。任务是巩固和发展已取得的成就，超额完成当前五年计划的粮食生产任务，并在第十一个五年计划期间，将全国谷物平均单产提高到每公顷20公担。在解决这些任务中，提高哈萨克斯坦种植的春小麦的单产和改良其品种组成具有巨大作用。自开垦生荒地以来，共和国北部的小麦产量显著增加，尤其是春小麦。哈萨克斯坦已成为苏联的第二粮仓。\n然而，春小麦抗旱性不足和产量相对较低，阻碍了其总产量的提高。在共和国许多种植春小麦的地区，干旱对产量造成重大损害。夏季气温急剧升高，伴随强烈日照下的干热风，也会降低产量。当土壤干旱和大气干旱同时发生时，产量损失尤其巨大。\n小麦抗旱性问题——这是现代生物学中最紧迫的问题之一。国内外，特别是最近，有很多研究致力于植物个体发育过程中的抗旱性研究。尽管该问题引起了大量生物学家和植物栽培实践者的关注，但许多问题仍远未解决。其中包括：春小麦抗旱性的本质、其耐高温和耐脱水能力的诊断方法、提高这种稳定性的有效途径。\n观察表明，不同品种的春小麦，根据其起源、发育阶段和生理状态，对不利条件的耐受程度不同，即具有不同程度的稳定性。\n通过农业技术和农业化学手段并不总能提高植物对不利条件的抵抗力。正如 И.В.米丘林所说，在这种情况下，正是\"品种决定事业的成败\"。\n为了最大限度地提高产量，在一系列措施中，推广适应具体自然条件的优质品种起着重要作用。\n哈萨克斯坦的科学家们在这方面取得了重大成就。得益于育种家 В.П.库兹明、Н.Л.乌多利斯卡娅、Л.В.皮缅诺娃、Я.К.贝切克、А.К.戈尔别克斯等人的工作，制定了共和国不同区域的小麦育种方法，并培育出了高产、能很好适应本地条件的品种。然而，在生物和农业科学发展的现代水平下，为了进一步完善品种，深入研究植物发育和生产力规律的本质变得越来越重要。目前公认，在创制品种方面，应与育种家协同工作的，还应有遗传学家、技术专家、植物生理生化学家以及一系列其他生物专业的专家。在这一综合体中，植物生理学家应发挥特别重要的作用，他们的任务是揭示植物生命活动过程的特点和相互关系。\n育种家面临的任务是——创制对土壤和大气\n干旱具有高稳定性的品种。但这首先需要确定与水分状况和其他生理指标相关的性状，明确其意义、期望的变化方向，并在育种工作中加以固定。对于育种以及品种的生态地理区划而言，揭示那些表征特定自然环境下各类小麦品种的生理功能的适应意义，是很有价值的。同时，必须发展生理学与育种学的联系，以便根据生物学类型、发育阶段、器官和性状，为育种家在实践工作中提供方向，从而在生理上完善品种。\n无论对于育种还是小麦栽培实践，考虑个体发育的一般规律都极其重要。众所周知，环境条件对生理过程的进行，特别是在气候多变和干旱的地区，有着显著的影响。\n全面研究春小麦在个体发育过程中各种特性的变化规律，将有助于揭示该作物的潜力，调控其生长发育过程，进而调控产量形成过程。\n当然，上述论点并未穷尽生物学在研究春小麦时面临的所有任务。矿物营养生理学、灌溉、生长调节剂和除草剂的应用等一系列问题显得极其重要。在哈萨克斯坦，这些重要问题目前研究还极其不足，需要实验研究者付出巨大努力进行深入研究。\n值此开垦生荒地和摆荒地二十五周年之际，我们希望总结我们及合作者在此期间在春小麦生理学方面所做的研究，这些研究连同生物科学的其他领域，揭示了其在哈萨克斯坦不利气候条件下的稳定性和生产力状况。作者认为，就这些问题进行总结性概述，对于确定这一始终紧迫问题的研究前景也是必要的。为了解释和深入探讨某些问题，本专著也引用了关于小麦生理学的广泛资料，\n这些资料目前积累在国内外的文献中。\n作者深深缅怀社会主义劳动英雄、哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国科学院及全苏列宁农业科学院院士 В.П.库兹明的光辉业绩，他对使生理学研究更贴近育种具体需求的关注，对本工作的开展产生了决定性影响。作者也衷心感谢参与实验并参与讨论书中反映的若干观点的同事和同行们。
", "ds_source": "作者（编委会）： Ф. А. 波林别托娃（Ф. А. Полимбетова）Л. К. 马莫诺夫（Л. К. Мамонов）\n出版社：Издательство «Наука» Казахской ССP\n出版地：阿拉木图\n出版年：1980年\n页数：287页\n语种：俄文\n分类号：УДК 581.1；631.11\n馆藏条形码：XJLAS RU 70018540
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Its cultivation area amounts to approximately 20 million hectares, of which more than 16 million hectares are planted with spring wheat. Consequently, the solution to the republic’s grain-supply problem depends primarily on the production of spring wheat.\r\n\r\nThe Party and the State have planned the further intensification of agricultural production, with the aim of increasing both yields and their stability.\r\n\r\nAs was specifically emphasized at the July Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1978, grain production remains the key link in agricultural development. The task is to consolidate and expand existing achievements, exceed the grain-production targets of the current Five-Year Plan, and during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan raise the average national grain yield to 20 centners per hectare. In addressing these objectives, increasing the productivity of spring wheat cultivated in Kazakhstan and improving its varietal composition are of enormous importance. Since the cultivation of virgin and fallow lands began, wheat production in northern Kazakhstan, especially spring wheat production, has risen significantly. Kazakhstan has become the second breadbasket of the Soviet Union.\r\n\r\nHowever, the insufficient drought resistance and relatively low productivity of spring wheat continue to limit increases in its total yield. In many spring-wheat-growing regions of the republic, drought causes substantial crop losses. Sharp rises in summer temperatures accompanied by hot, dry winds under intense solar radiation also reduce yields. Yield losses are particularly severe when soil drought and atmospheric drought occur simultaneously.\r\n\r\nThe problem of wheat drought resistance is one of the most urgent issues in modern biology. Numerous studies, both domestic and foreign, particularly in recent years, have been devoted to drought resistance during plant ontogeny. Despite the considerable attention paid to this issue by biologists and crop-production specialists, many questions remain far from resolved. Among these are the nature of drought resistance in spring wheat, methods for diagnosing heat and dehydration tolerance, and effective means of enhancing this stability.\r\n\r\nObservations demonstrate that different spring wheat varieties, depending on their origin, developmental stage, and physiological condition, differ in their capacity to tolerate adverse environmental conditions and thus possess different levels of resistance.\r\n\r\nAgronomic and agrochemical measures do not always succeed in increasing plant resistance to unfavorable conditions. As I. V. Michurin stated, in such cases, “the variety determines the success or failure of the undertaking.”\r\n\r\nAmong the various measures aimed at maximizing grain production, the introduction of high-quality varieties adapted to specific local environmental conditions plays a particularly important role.\r\n\r\nScientists in Kazakhstan have achieved significant success in this area. Owing to the work of breeders such as V. P. Kuzmin, N. L. Udolskaya, L. V. Pimenova, Ya. K. Bechek, A. K. Gorbéks, and others, breeding methods have been developed for different regions of the republic, and high-yielding varieties well adapted to local conditions have been produced. However, at the present stage of development of the biological and agricultural sciences, further variety improvement increasingly depends upon a deeper understanding of the laws governing plant development and productivity. It is now generally recognized that, in addition to breeders, geneticists, agronomists, plant physiologists, biochemists, and specialists in other biological disciplines must work together in variety development. Within this integrated effort, plant physiologists should play an especially important role, since their task is to reveal the characteristics and interrelationships of plant life processes.\r\n\r\nThe challenge facing breeders is to create varieties possessing a high degree of resistance to both soil and atmospheric drought. To achieve this, it is first necessary to identify traits associated with water relations and other physiological indicators, determine their significance and the desired direction of their modification, and ensure their incorporation into breeding programs. For both breeding and the ecological-geographical zoning of varieties, it is of great value to identify the adaptive significance of physiological functions that characterize wheat cultivars under specific environmental conditions.\r\n\r\nAt the same time, stronger links between physiology and plant breeding must be developed so that breeders may receive practical guidance based on biological type, developmental stage, organ function, and specific traits, thereby enabling the physiological improvement of crop varieties.\r\n\r\nConsideration of the general laws of ontogeny is of exceptional importance for both plant breeding and the practical cultivation of wheat. It is well known that environmental conditions strongly influence physiological processes, particularly in regions characterized by climatic instability and frequent drought.\r\n\r\nA comprehensive investigation of the changes in various characteristics of spring wheat during ontogenetic development will contribute to revealing the biological potential of this crop, regulating its growth and development processes, and ultimately controlling the formation of yield.\r\n\r\nNaturally, the issues discussed above do not exhaust all the biological problems associated with spring wheat. A number of other questions are of great importance, including the physiology of mineral nutrition, irrigation, and the use of growth regulators and herbicides. In Kazakhstan these important topics remain insufficiently studied and require substantial effort and detailed investigation by experimental researchers.\r\n\r\nOn the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the cultivation of virgin and fallow lands, we considered it appropriate to summarize the results of our own studies and those of our collaborators on the physiology of spring wheat conducted during this period. Together with findings from other branches of the biological sciences, these studies have illuminated the factors determining the stability and productivity of spring wheat under the unfavorable climatic conditions of Kazakhstan.\r\n\r\nThe authors believe that a comprehensive review of these issues is necessary not only for evaluating achievements already made but also for identifying future directions of research in this constantly relevant field. In order to explain and examine certain questions in greater depth, the present monograph also makes extensive use of materials on wheat physiology accumulated in both domestic and foreign scientific literature.\r\n\r\nThe authors pay tribute to the outstanding achievements of V. P. Kuzmin, Hero of Socialist Labor, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR and the All-Union Lenin Academy of Agricultural Sciences. His persistent efforts to bring physiological research into closer alignment with the specific needs of plant breeding exerted a decisive influence on the development of this work.\r\n\r\nThe authors also express their sincere gratitude to the colleagues and fellow researchers who participated in the experiments and contributed to discussions of a number of the ideas reflected in this book.", "ds_source": "Author (Editorial Board): Φ.А. Polinbetova (④.А.Полимбетова）Л.К. Mamonov (.К.Мамонов）\r\nPublished by: А зда тельс тво «Наук а» К а з а т с к ой С ССP\r\nPublished: Almaty\r\nPublication year: 1980\r\nPages: 287 pages\r\nLanguage: Russian\r\nClassification No.: У п б 581.1;631.11\r\nCollection barcode: XJLAS RU 70018540", "ds_process_way": "This book is the collection of the Documentation and Information Center of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Center). The center has stored this book electronically and has been recognized by OCR. The data processing process is in accordance with the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Library Collection Resources Digital Processing Specifications\", fully complying with the data information of \"Research on the Physiology of Spring Wheat in Kazakhstan\", without changes and deletions.", "ds_quality": "The collected \"Research on the Physiology of Spring Wheat in Kazakhstan\" was electronically processed. In accordance with the requirements of the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources,\" the data information of \"Research on the Physiology of Spring Wheat in Kazakhstan\" was not changed or deleted, and the data quality was reliable.", "ds_acq_place": "Soviet Union", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_format": "PDF format", "ds_projection": "", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_time_res": "" } }, "license_type": null, "doi_reg_from": "reg_local", "cstr_reg_from": "reg_local", "doi_not_reg_reason": null, "cstr_not_reg_reason": null, "is_paper_in_submitting": false, "ds_topic_tags": [ "抗旱性", "春小麦" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "作物生理学" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 1980 ], "ds_contributors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_meta_authors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_managers": [ "文献信息中心" ], "category": "图书" }