苏联林业在世界林业史上是其社会组织的一种新型的、最高级的形式。其发展的基础和源泉是本质上崭新的社会主义生产方式。\n苏联林业是社会主义经济的一个部门，涵盖森林的培育、保护和利用组织，以满足国民经济和人口对木材的需求，并利用森林的其他有益特性（防护、水源涵养、卫生保健等）。\n苏联林业任务的实现要求开展组织工作。这种工作的形式之一，是通过森林调查来实现的苏联林业组织。\n在苏联，森林调查尚未覆盖全部林区；与此同时，林业经营活动却在全部林区范围内开展。因此，通常在林调中考虑的林业组织问题，也可以在当前的林业经营活动中解决；二者的区别在于，通过林调实施的林业组织，建立在更坚实的基础之上，即拥有新的林分清查材料、对林业经济和自然条件的详细研究与分析，以及更充分地利用林调领域的最新方法和技术，而仅靠林场和林管区自身力量来解决这些问题则难以做到。\n因此，通过森林调查过程实现的林业组织（本书正是讨论其问题）应被视为苏维埃国家在林业方面经济组织工作最重要的形式之一。\n苏联森林调查在发展和应用其理论与实践时，必须立足于社会主义经济规律的结论，并与共产主义建设的任务相一致。\n同时，还应利用林业实践、生物学和林学科学的一切成就，为林调奠定林学科学基础。这些原则性重要的前提条件，在苏联林调中尚未得到充分体现。\n苏联林业在制定其活动的初始原则和方向方面迈出了一大步，而林调在这方面则严重滞后于林业。这可由林学科学总体上落后于林业生产的需求、苏联林业组织理论问题研究薄弱来解释。\n对森林木本和灌木植被生长的环境与条件，以及森林植被对环境的影响研究不足，导致林学文献（包括教科书）主要论述树种的一般特性，而树种林学特性与其生长条件之间的联系揭示得不够。Г.Ф.莫罗佐夫所确立的规律在林学研究中未得到应有的发展，其水平不能满足林业的需求。\n林学现象的研究方法主要基于测树统计手段，未能揭示过程的本质和发展规律，这并不总是允许我们管理森林生长的自然过程。自然，林学的这些不足限制了提高林业组织质量的可能性，因为后者的成败取决于林学科学的发展水平以及针对不同森林生长自然条件的林学问题的研究深度。\n在林学科学发展的现阶段，应将森林类型学作为林业组织的自然历史基础，遗憾的是，这在林学和森林调查中都尚未得到应有的应用。林调规程中反复声明的关于在林业组织中使用林型的条款，至今在实践中落实不足，森林类型学仅用于描述森林生长的自然条件。\n苏联森林调查理论问题的研究主要归结为对旧有形式和要素（成熟龄、轮伐期和采伐年龄、林场组织经营划分、采伐量计算等）的加工和使其适应现代条件；林调的内容改变不足，与地主资产阶级林业相比，苏联林业的内容和方向要丰富得多，由此产生的新林业组织要素却研究薄弱。林业组织中公式化盛行，一个林场的经营与另一个林场相似；一个经营单位的方向和经营措施的性质与另一个经营单位类似。这种公式化削弱了旨在实行森林用途差异化和在其中组织经营的最重要政府指令的作用。\n森林调查应促进林业中的扩大再生产，即在给定的具体条件下增加森林有益特性的利用程度。\n正确制定森林调查的基本问题，将提高其在林业生产中的作用和意义，丰富其内容，并最终有助于提高林业在解决最重要国民经济任务中的作用。\n以上所述表明，森林调查的理论基础及其实践都需要进一步的完善，有些部分甚至需要重新建立。\n本著作在阐述森林调查方法论问题的同时，试图为林业组织提供林学基础，特别是针对混交林带；这些基础可望在森林调查实践中得到应用。\n
", "ds_source": "作者（编委会）：Г. П.莫托维洛夫（Г. П. Мотовилов）\n出版社：Издательство Академии наук СССР\n出版地：莫斯科\n出版年：1955年\n页数：215页 \n语种：俄文\n馆藏条形码：XJLAS RU 70009962\n
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", "ds_acq_start_time": "2025-07-23 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2025-07-23 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "苏联", "ds_acq_lon_east": null, "ds_acq_lat_south": null, "ds_acq_lon_west": null, "ds_acq_lat_north": null, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "login-access", "ds_total_size": 134902978, "ds_files_count": 1, "ds_format": "PDF格式", "ds_space_res": "无", "ds_time_res": "无", "ds_coordinate": "无", "ds_projection": "", "ds_thumbnail": "06c00f81-6fde-4a2b-b2a9-22a495b5b46e.jpg", "ds_thumb_from": 0, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "a5877b42-96ea-4f13-af7e-246f355413d6", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "220.25" ], "quality_level": 1, "publish_time": "2026-09-17 17:30:03", "first_publish_time": null, "last_updated": "2026-10-10 11:49:04", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "33110.11.ariddc.02110", "license": null, "extra": null, "files_shape": [ { "name": "20250723002(XJLASRU70009962).pdf", "size": 134902978, "is_dir": false } ], "features": null, "data_level": 0, "i18n": { "en": { "title": "The basis of afforestation science in the Soviet Union's forestry organization", "ds_abstract": "Soviet forestry represented a new and the highest form of social organization in the history of world forestry. The foundation and source of its development lay in the fundamentally new socialist mode of production.\r\n\r\nSoviet forestry was a branch of the socialist economy that encompassed the cultivation, protection, and organized utilization of forests in order to satisfy the needs of the national economy and the population for timber, while also making use of forests' other beneficial functions, such as protection, water conservation, and public health services.\r\n\r\nThe fulfillment of the tasks of Soviet forestry required organizational work. One form of such work was the organization of forestry through forest inventory and survey activities.\r\n\r\nIn the Soviet Union, forest inventory and survey work had not yet covered all forest regions; at the same time, forestry operations were carried out throughout all forest areas. Therefore, many forestry organization issues usually addressed during forest inventory could also be resolved within current forestry operations. The difference was that forestry organization carried out through forest inventory rested on a much more solid foundation, namely, new forest stand inventory data, detailed research and analysis of forestry economics and natural conditions, and fuller use of the latest methods and technologies in forest inventory work. Such tasks were difficult to accomplish solely through the efforts of forestry enterprises and forest districts themselves.\r\n\r\nTherefore, forestry organization achieved through the process of forest inventory and survey (the subject discussed in this book) should be regarded as one of the most important forms of economic organizational work undertaken by the Soviet state in the field of forestry.\r\n\r\nIn developing and applying its theory and practice, Soviet forest inventory and survey work had to be based on the laws of socialist economic development and be consistent with the tasks of communist construction.\r\n\r\nAt the same time, all achievements of forestry practice, biology, and forestry science should be utilized in order to provide forest inventory with a sound forestry-scientific foundation. These fundamentally important prerequisites, however, had not yet been fully reflected in Soviet forest inventory practice.\r\n\r\nSoviet forestry made great progress in defining its fundamental principles and directions of activity, whereas forest inventory lagged considerably behind forestry in this respect. This can be explained by the general lag of forestry science behind the needs of forestry production and by the insufficient study of theoretical issues concerning the organization of Soviet forestry.\r\n\r\nInsufficient research into the environmental conditions affecting the growth of forest trees and shrubs, as well as the influence of forest vegetation on the environment, resulted in forestry literature, including textbooks, focusing mainly on the general characteristics of tree species, while failing to adequately reveal the relationship between silvicultural characteristics and growth conditions. The principles established by G. F. Morozov did not receive the development they deserved in forestry research, and the existing level of research could not meet the needs of forestry.\r\n\r\nMethods for studying forestry phenomena were based primarily on forest mensuration and statistical techniques. These methods did not reveal the essence of processes or the laws governing their development, and therefore did not always allow effective management of the natural processes of forest growth. Naturally, these shortcomings in forestry science limited the possibilities for improving the quality of forestry organization, since the success or failure of the latter depended on the level of development of forestry science and the depth of research into silvicultural problems under different natural forest-growing conditions.\r\n\r\nAt the present stage of forestry science, forest typology should serve as the natural-historical foundation for forestry organization. Unfortunately, it had not yet received the application it deserved either in forestry science or in forest inventory and survey work. Although regulations repeatedly emphasized the use of forest types in forestry organization, these provisions had not been adequately implemented in practice, and forest typology was used mainly for describing natural forest-growing conditions.\r\n\r\nResearch on the theoretical problems of Soviet forest inventory was largely confined to refining old forms and elements, such as rotation age, cutting cycle and felling age, management divisions of forest enterprises, and allowable cut calculations, and adapting them to modern conditions. The content of forest inventory changed very little. Compared with landlord-bourgeois forestry, Soviet forestry possessed a much richer content and broader orientation, yet the new organizational elements arising from it were insufficiently studied. Formalism became widespread in forestry organization: the management of one forest enterprise resembled that of another, and the direction and management measures of one management unit were similar to those of another. Such standardization weakened the effect of the most important governmental directives aimed at differentiating forest utilization and organizing management accordingly.\r\n\r\nForest inventory and survey should promote expanded reproduction in forestry, that is, increase the utilization of the beneficial functions of forests under specific given conditions.\r\n\r\nA correct formulation of the fundamental problems of forest inventory and survey would enhance its role and significance in forestry production, enrich its content, and ultimately help strengthen the contribution of forestry to solving the most important tasks of the national economy.\r\n\r\nThe foregoing demonstrates that both the theoretical foundations and the practical implementation of forest inventory and survey require further improvement, and that some aspects even need to be reestablished from the ground up.\r\n\r\nWhile discussing methodological issues of forest inventory and survey, this work also attempts to provide a silvicultural foundation for forestry organization, particularly for the mixed-forest zone. These foundations may prove useful in the practical implementation of forest inventory and survey work.", "ds_source": "Author (Editorial Board): 丨.П. Motovilov (丨.П.Мотовилов）\r\nPublished by: 丨 зд а т ельс тво А к а д еми наук С С С С С СР\r\nPublished: Moscow\r\nPublication year: 1955\r\nPages: 215 pages \r\nLanguage: Russian\r\nCollection barcode: XJLAS RU 70009962\r\n
", "ds_process_way": "This book is the collection of the Documentation and Information Center of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Center). The center electronically stores the book without OCR recognition. The data processing process is in accordance with the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\", and fully complies with the data information of \"Forestry Organizations in the Soviet Union\" without modification or deletion.\r\n
", "ds_quality": "The collected \"Fundamentals of Afforestation Science of Forestry Organizations in the Soviet Union\" was electronically processed and processed. In accordance with the requirements of the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Code for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\", the \"Fundamentals of Afforestation Science of Forestry Organizations in the Soviet Union\" was unchanged and deleted. The data information is of reliable quality.\r\n
", "ds_acq_place": "Soviet Union", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_format": "PDF format", "ds_projection": "", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_time_res": "" } }, "license_type": null, "doi_reg_from": "reg_local", "cstr_reg_from": "reg_local", "doi_not_reg_reason": null, "cstr_not_reg_reason": null, "is_paper_in_submitting": false, "ds_topic_tags": [ "林业", "混交林带", "森林" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "森林经理学" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "苏联" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 1955 ], "ds_contributors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_meta_authors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_managers": [ "文献信息中心" ], "category": "图书" }