Scale insects are among the least studied groups of insects in Central Asia, despite the fact that their harmful effects have long been well known. In Central Asia and Kazakhstan, scale insects are one of the causes of reduced fruit yields, deterioration of market quality, and shortened lifespan of fruit trees. Apart from A. Arkhangelskaya’s book Scale Insects of Central Asia (1937), information on the biology, ecology, and economic significance of these pests has remained scarce. Moreover, that work contains only incomplete and inaccurate data on about 30 species of scale insects and has long become a bibliographic rarity, which prompted the authors to undertake the preparation of the present fauna. This publication is the first comprehensive review of the scale insect fauna of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. It is based on original material collected by the authors between 1960 and 1967, as well as materials kindly provided by G. Ya. Matesova, Senior Research Fellow of the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, and specimens preserved in the collections of the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The work consists of two parts. The general section provides information on the morphology, metamorphosis, and habits of scale insects, as well as their zoogeographical distribution, regional distribution, and economic importance. The systematic section contains diagnoses of superfamilies, families, subfamilies, tribes, and genera, together with identification keys and species descriptions. For each species, information is provided on distribution, biology (including host-plant lists), and taxonomic notes. The work contains 92 illustrations, of which 85 are original and 7 are reproduced from publications by N. Borchsenius, T. Bushik, and A. Balachowsky. Special attention is given to the biology and ecology of the most harmful species. This publication is intended for entomologists studying insect fauna and ecology, university teachers and students in biological and natural science departments, as well as plant protection specialists. During the preparation of this fauna, the authors benefited greatly from valuable advice provided by Academician M. N. Narzikulov of the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR, Candidate of Biological Sciences G. Ya. Matesova, and E. M. Danil. The authors take this opportunity to express their sincere gratitude to them. This work was completed at the Institute of Zoology and Parasitology of the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR, named in honor of Academician E. N. Pavlovsky.